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31.
32.
Y. Shirasaki F. Kakimoto S. Ogio N. Gironda M. Takeda T. Kaneko H. Yoshii T. Baba S. Sano K. Nishi N. Tajima Y. Yamada S. Shimoda H. Nakatani E. Gotoh K. Murakami Y. Toyoda Y. Matsubara Y. Mizumoto W. Velasquez A. Velarde P. Miranda 《Astroparticle Physics》2001,15(4):118-381
The chemical composition of primary cosmic rays with energies from 1015 to 1016.5 eV, so called “knee” region, is examined. We have observed the time structures of air Čerenkov light associated with air showers at Mt. Chacaltaya, Bolivia, since 1995. The distribution of a parameter that characterizes the observed time structures is compared with that calculated with a Monte Carlo technique for various chemical compositions. Then the energy dependence of the average logarithmic mass numbers ln A of the primary cosmic rays is determined. The present result at 1015.3 eV is almost consistent with the result of JACEE (A12) and shows gradual increase in ln A as a function of the primary energy (A24 at 1016 eV). Form the comparison of the observational results with several theoretical models, we conclude that the supernova explosion of massive stars is a plausible candidate for the origin of cosmic rays around the “knee” region. 相似文献
33.
The DUPAL anomaly, a radiogenic isotope anomaly discovered in the Indian Ocean mantle, has been interpreted as due to a large-scale mantle heterogeneity. To provide new constraints on the DUPAL origin, we analyzed isotope ratios of Li, Sr, and Nd in fresh N-MORB glasses recovered from the Rodrigues Triple Junction in the Indian Ocean, and from the North Atlantic. The Li isotopic compositions of the Indian Ocean DUPAL N-MORBs were comparable to those of the North Atlantic non-DUPAL N-MORBs. The source of the DUPAL signature in Indian Ocean MORBs and the E-MORB-type enriched mantle source have quite different Li isotopic compositions. The 143Nd/144Nd values of both sources are significantly lower than those of the North Atlantic N-MORBs. The δ7Li values of most oceanic island basalts with similar low 143Nd/144Nd signatures are also higher than those of the North Atlantic N-MORBs, except for several Koolau lavas. The Li isotope results support the recent proposal that significant amounts of recycled lower continental crust might produce the radiogenic isotope signatures of the Indian Ocean DUPAL source. 相似文献
34.
35.
MUKOYAMA Sakae 《山地科学学报》2011,8(2):239-245
In this study, a new method for quantitative and efficient measurement for the ground surface movement was developed. The feature of this technique is to identify geomorphic characteristics by image matching analysis, using the intelligent images made from high resolution DEM(Digital Elevation Model). This method is useful to extract the small ground displacement where the surface shape was not intensely deformed. 相似文献
36.
Masayuki Sakakibara Yuko Ohmori Nguyen Thi Hoang Ha Sakae Sano Koichiro Sera 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2011,39(8):735-741
Phytoremediation is an environmental remediation technique that takes advantage of plant physiology and metabolism. The unique property of heavy metal hyperaccumulation by the macrophyte Eleocharis acicularis is of great significance in the phytoremediation of water and sediments contaminated by heavy metals at mine sites. In this study, a field cultivation experiment was performed to examine the applicability of E. acicularis to the remediation of water contaminated by heavy metals. The highest concentrations of heavy metals in the shoots of E. acicularis were 20 200 mg Cu/kg, 14 200 mg Zn/kg, 1740 mg As/kg, 894 mg Pb/kg, and 239 mg Cd/kg. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb in the shoots correlate with their concentrations in the soil in a log‐linear fashion. The bioconcentration factor for these elements decreases log‐linearly with increasing concentration in the soil. The results indicate the ability of E. acicularis to hyperaccumulate Cu, Zn, As, and Cd under natural conditions, making it a good candidate species for the phytoremediation of water contaminated by heavy metals. 相似文献
37.
Ayako Fujii Sakae Toyoda Osamu Yoshida Shuichi Watanabe Ken’ichi Sasaki Naohiro Yoshida 《Journal of Oceanography》2013,69(2):147-157
N2O concentration and its isotopomer ratios were measured over a wide area from San Diego to Honolulu in the eastern subtropical North Pacific (ESNP). Waters in the study area had an N2O maximum (38.2–50.5 nmol kg?1) at 600–1000 m depth, which is similar to the profiles obtained previously in other areas in the North Pacific. We separated the seawater into five water masses (two for the surface layer, two for the middle layer, and one for the deep layer) and deduced N2O production–consumption mechanisms in each water body by use of N2O isotopomer ratios. The results showed that the mechanisms differ slightly among water masses. In the “coastal” surface layer, N2O is produced by nitrification (NH2OH oxidation). In the “open ocean” surface layer, it is produced mainly by nitrifier denitrification and to a lesser extent by nitrification under substrate-limited conditions. In both “upwelling” and “open ocean” middle layers it is produced mainly by denitrification and to a lesser extent by nitrifier denitrification. It is also partly reduced. In the deep layer, it is produced predominantly by denitrification with partial reduction. In this way, isotopomers aid elucidation of production–consumption mechanisms of N2O in the sea even though the mechanisms cannot always be ascertained. 相似文献
38.
Abstract— Phosphates in martian meteorites are important carriers of trace elements, although, they are volumetrically minor minerals. PO4 also has potential as a biomarker for life on Mars. Here, we report measurements of the U‐Th‐Pb systematics of phosphates in the martian meteorite ALH 84001 using the Sensitive High Resolution Ion MicroProbe (SHRIMP) installed at Hiroshima University, Japan. Eleven analyses of whitlockites and 1 analysis of apatite resulted in a total Pb/U isochron age of 4018 ± 81 Ma in the 238U/206Pb‐207Pb/206Pb‐204Pb/206 Pb 3‐D space, and a 232Th‐208Pb age of 3971 ± 860 Ma. These ages are consistent within a 95% confidence limit. This result is in agreement with the previously published Ar‐Ar shock age of 4.0 ± 0.1 Ga from maskelynite and other results of 3.8–4.3 Ga but are significantly different from the Sm‐Nd age of 4.50 ± 0.13 Ga based on the whole rock and pyroxene. Taking into account recent studies on textural and chemical evidence of phosphate, our result suggests that the shock metamorphic event defines the phosphate formation age of 4018 ± 81 Ma, and that since then, ALH 84001 has not experienced a long duration thermal metamorphism, which would reset the U‐Pb system in phosphates. 相似文献
39.
Md. Aftabuzzaman Kazuki Yomogida Shota Suzuki Hideko Takayanagi Akimasa Ishigaki Shiki Machida Yoshihiro Asahara Koshi Yamamoto Naoto Hirano Shin-Ichi Sano Shun Chiyonobu Davide Bassi Yasufumi Iryu 《Island Arc》2021,30(1):e12400
Sedimentological, geochemical, and chronological analyses were carried out on 18 carbonate rock samples collected at depths of 938, 1085, and 3354 m on the western slope of Minamitorishima (Marcus Island), which is located near the western margin of the Pacific Plate. Four groups of carbonate rocks were distinguished: a mollusk-rich limestone, a coral-rich dolomite, a foraminiferal-nannofossil packstone, and a phosphatized mudstone/wackestone. The mollusk-rich limestone is characterized by the dominance of bivalves (including rudists) and gastropod shells. Strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) and Mesorbitolina ex gr. texana (a large benthic foraminifer) indicate that the shallow-water carbonates were deposited during the late Aptian–early Albian (ca. 123–111 Ma). The coral-rich dolomite is characterized by abundant scleractinian corals and nongeniculate coralline algae associated with encrusting acervulinid foraminifers. The biotic composition is similar to that of the Oligocene–Pleistocene carbonates reported from other seamounts in the northwestern Pacific. Geochemical data show that the coral-rich carbonates were dolomitized at 9.5–6.8 Ma (Tortonian–Messinian) and that normal seawater was the most likely parent fluid. The foraminiferal-nannofossil packstone is a semi-consolidated foraminiferal-nannofossil ooze and was deposited during the Pleistocene (0.99–0.45 Ma). The phosphatized mudstone/wackestone is marked by the absence of macrofossils and the presence of traces of planktic foraminifers. Although its depositional age is not constrained, the Sr isotope ratios indicate that the phosphatization occurred at 33.2–28.9 Ma. After the deposition of the Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates, including the mollusk-rich limestone, Minamitorishima was drowned and its top was covered with a pelagic cap, represented by the mudstone/wackestone. The late Eocene–early Oligocene volcanism (40.2–33.2 Ma) caused episodic uplift and returned the top of Minamitorishima to a shallow-water environment. After the early Oligocene phosphatization of the pelagic cap, coral reefs flourished on the top of this island. The reef limestone was dolomitized during the Tortonian–Messinian. 相似文献
40.
为了测量距地表1 000 m以下位置的地壳应力状态,我们研究并开发了钻孔千斤顶压裂技术.技术的原理是:当钻孔千斤顶对钻孔壁加载时,与钻孔轴向平行的方向将会产生两个相对的新裂隙;卸载之后,如果千斤顶对钻孔壁的同一个地方进行施压,这对裂隙将会再次张开.与钻孔轴向垂直的平面上的两个主应力的大小和方向分别是由重张压力和裂隙的方... 相似文献