Historical change in lake sedimentation in Lake Takkobu, Kushiro Mire, northern Japan over the last 300 years   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Young Sang Ahn  Shigeru Mizugaki  Futoshi Nakamura  Yugo Nakamura 《Geomorphology》2006,78(3-4):321-334

Environmental degradation, including shallowing, deterioration of aquatic habitat and water pollution, has arisen from the inflow of fine sediment to Lake Takkobu in northern Japan. The lake has experienced gradual environmental degradation due to agricultural development, which has introduced both fine sediment and sediment-associated nutrients into the lake. We have reconstructed the history of sediment yield to Lake Takkobu in Kushiro Mire over the last 300 years and have examined trends with reference to land-use development. Fifteen lake sediment core samples were obtained, and various physical variables of lake sediments were analyzed and dated using ¹³⁷Cs and tephrochronology. The physical variables showed that all points contained mainly silt, except for two points close to the river mouths, where the mean diameter was < 35 μm. The peaks were defined as a “signal” when the physical variables were synchronous in a profile. These were created by floods and engineering works constructing drainage systems. The signal of canal construction in 1898 was detected in all core points. Lake Takkobu core samples contained two tephra layers. From the refractive indices of dehydrated glasses, the lower tephra layer was identified as Ko-c2 (1694) and the upper tephra layer as Ta-a (1739). A clear peak in the ¹³⁷Cs concentration was detected at all the sampling points, except for the site close to the Takkobu River. This site showed two peaks in the ¹³⁷Cs concentration, which was attributed to perturbation from flood events and a drainage project. The maximum ¹³⁷Cs concentration was identified as the sediment surface from 1963, enveloped by the 1962 and 1964 signals. The sediment yield averaged over the last 300 years for Lake Takkobu was reconstructed for four periods using the signal, tephra and ¹³⁷Cs as marker layers. The sediment yield under the natural erosion condition for the first two periods was 226 tons/year from 1694 to 1739 and 196 tons/year from 1739 to 1898. The development of the Takkobu watershed started in 1880s with partial deforestation and channelization in 1898, 1959, and 1962 leading to an increased sedimentation yield of 1016 tons/year from 1898 to 1963. Continued deforestation, channelization works in 1964, road construction in 1980–1990s, as well as agriculture development caused a further increase to 1354 tons/year from 1963 to 2004. Compared to the averaged natural sedimentation yield of 206 tons/year until 1898, initial land-use development in a catchment accelerated lake sedimentation, indicated by the 5-fold sediment yield. With increasing agricultural development since 1960s, sedimentation yields were highest for 1963–2004; a 7-fold increase compared with pre-impact conditions. To reduce sediment yield, riparian buffers along the rivers should be preserved or rebuilt, and sluices may function effectively during short-term periods of flooding. Environmental management policy and laws restricting uncontrolled and inappropriate land-use might help in addition to ensure longer-term environmental health by reducing the sedimentation rate.  相似文献   

Recent carbon and nitrogen uptake rates of phytoplankton in Bering Strait and the Chukchi Sea     

Sang H. Lee  Terry E. Whitledge  Sung-Ho Kang 《Continental Shelf Research》2007

Cruises to Bering Strait and the Chukchi Sea in US waters from late June in 2002 to early September in 2004 and the Russian–American Long-term Census of the Arctic (RUSALCA) research cruise in 2004 covered all major water masses and contributed to a better understanding of the regional physics, nutrient dynamics, and biological systems. The integrated concentration of the high nitrate pool in the central Chukchi Sea was greater in this study than in previous studies, although the highest nitrate concentration (∼22 μM) in the Anadyr Water mass passing through the western side of Bering Strait was consistent with prior observations. The chlorophyll-a concentrations near the western side of the Diomede Islands ranged from 200 to 400 mg chl-a m⁻² and the range in the central Chukchi Sea was 200–500 mg chl-a m⁻² for the 2002–2004 Alpha Helix (HX) cruises. Chlorophyll-a concentrations for the 2004 RUSALCA cruise were lower than those from previous studies. The mean annual primary production of phytoplankton from this study, using a ¹³C–¹⁵N dual-isotope technique, was 55 g C m⁻² for the whole Chukchi Sea and 145 g C m⁻² for the plume of Anadyr–Bering Shelf Water in the central Chukchi Sea. In contrast, the averages of annual total nitrogen production were 13.9 g N m⁻² (S.D.=±16.2 g N m⁻²) and 33.8 g N m⁻² (S.D.=±14.1 g N m⁻²) for the Chukchi Sea and the plume, respectively. These carbon and nitrogen production rates of phytoplankton were consistently two-or three-fold lower than those from previous studies. We suggest that the lower rates in this study, and consequently more unused nitrate in the water column, were caused by lower phytoplankton biomass in the Bering Strait and the Chukchi Sea. However, we do not know if the lower rate of production from this study is a general decreasing trend or simply temporal variations in the Chukchi Sea, since temporal and geographical variations are substantially large and presently unpredictable.  相似文献   

Reduction of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emission from Swine Manure Using Aqueous Foams Amended with Microorganisms and Chemical Additives     

Seung‐Ryong Lee  Joon Kyoung Han  Yong Ju Choi  Kyoungphile Nam 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2007,35(3):230-234

Aqueous foam, in combination with microorganisms and chemical additives, was tested for the reduction of the emissions of odorous compounds from swine manure. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were selected as test compounds. Aqueous foam decreased the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions by about 33.2 and 66.2%, respectively, after application for 1,800 min. With the application of aqueous foam, amended with 1% of monocalcium phosphate or Yucca extracts, about 81.4 and 51.6%, respectively, of the ammonia emissions were suppressed over the same time period. However, the chemical additives were found to be ineffective in the suppression of hydrogen sulfide. Finally, the aqueous foam, containing microorganisms and the two chemical additives, attained about 88.3 and 70% ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions suppression, respectively. The data show that the aqueous foam was effective in the control ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions, and the suppression capacity can be markedly enhanced by the addition of appropriate microorganisms and chemical additives.  相似文献   

Diagnostic analysis of offensive odorants in a large municipal waste treatment plant in an urban area   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

K.-H. Kim  S.-H. Jo  H.-C. Song  S. K. Pandey  H.-N. Song  J.-M. Oh  Y. Sunwoo  K. C. Choi 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2013,10(2):261-274

A diagnostic study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of malodor removal from a large-scale municipal waste treatment plant in an urban area. To this end, the odor pollution status was investigated from a total of 16 spots in the treatment facility to cover the dual treatment lines consisting of regenerative thermal oxidation (first stage) and a wet chemical scrubber (second stage). As a simple means to learn more about the odorant removal efficiency of different treatment units, samples collected from ambient spots as well as before and after each treatment unit were analyzed for 22 key offensive odorants (i.e., reduced sulfur compounds, carbonyl compounds, nitrogenous compounds, volatile organic compounds, and fatty acids) along with dilution-to-threshold ratios based on the air dilution sensory test. The removal patterns differed greatly between different odorant groups across different processing units. The effectiveness of this dual treatment system was optimized for such odorants as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, while it was not the case for others (e.g., some aldehydes and organic acids). The results thus suggest the need for the validation of the efficiency in many types of odor processing units and for establishing new control techniques to cover a list of odorants un-subordinate to preexisting methods.  相似文献   

铀矿勘查中地表探矿工程成果信息化研究与实践——放射性测量数据自动化成图     

邱日平  沈川  滕润球  肖磉  严家斌 《铀矿地质》2021,(1):112-119

铀矿勘查中,实施地表探矿工程来揭示区内地质及矿化现象是一个行之有效且常用的方法,其矿化成果信息主要由放射性测量成果图件展现,目前主要靠手工素描完成,但存在费时且图件不美观等问题。因此,笔者提出了自动化成图的构想,开发了一款辅助软件来对放射性测量数据进行数据处理,将多参数坐标转换为标准坐标格式,支持Surfer软件数据网格化处理和Mapgis软件输出成果图件,实现自动化成图。经大量地表工程验证,证实辅助软件输出数据准确、可靠,通过Surfer、Mapgis软件实现了放射性测量数据自动化成图。此方法可取代传统手工素描绘图和Mapgis软件矢量化成图等耗时的步骤,将为放射性编录工作带来极大便利,进一步提升成果图件的标准化,提高物探编录的工作效率。  相似文献   

粉土与粉质黏土互层中静压桩桩土界面孔隙水压力     

桑松魁  王永洪  张明义  孔亮  吴文兵  陈志雄  李兆龙  张启军 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2021,51(5):1551-1559

为研究层状黏性土在静压桩沉桩过程中桩土界面孔隙水压力的分布规律,依托山东东营某桩基工程开展了现场足尺静压桩试验,分析了桩土界面孔隙水压力的变化规律,探讨了桩土界面超孔隙水压力的分布特征,明确了桩土界面孔隙水压力和超孔隙水压力的消散特性,并结合水力压裂理论和孔穴扩张理论,揭示了沉桩过程中桩土界面沿桩长方向超孔隙水压力的分布形式。试验结果表明：孔隙水压力、超孔隙水压力与土层性质密切相关,二者均在粉土层中增长较慢,在粉质黏土层中增长较快;在同一深度处,两者均存在明显的消散现象,在粉土中的消散程度明显大于粉质黏土中;采用水力压裂理论结合孔穴扩张理论计算的超孔隙水压力沿桩长方向的变化规律与试验值相吻合;桩身贯入深度越大,超孔隙水压力理论计算值与现场实测值越接近。  相似文献   

Time series analyses of hydrological parameter variations and their correlations at a coastal area in Busan,South Korea     

Sang Yong Chung  Venkatramanan Senapathi  Selvam Sekar  Tae Hyung Kim 《Hydrogeology Journal》2018,26(6):1875-1885

Monitoring and time-series analysis of the hydrological parameters electrical conductivity (EC), water pressure, precipitation and tide were carried out, to understand the characteristics of the parameter variations and their correlations at a coastal area in Busan, South Korea. The monitoring data were collected at a sharp interface between freshwater and saline water at the depth of 25 m below ground. Two well-logging profiles showed that seawater intrusion has largely expanded (progressed inland), and has greatly affected the groundwater quality in a coastal aquifer of tuffaceous sedimentary rock over a 9-year period. According to the time series analyses, the periodograms of the hydrological parameters present very similar trends to the power spectral densities (PSD) of the hydrological parameters. Autocorrelation functions (ACF) and partial autocorrelation functions (PACF) of the hydrological parameters were produced to evaluate their self-correlations. The ACFs of all hydrologic parameters showed very good correlation over the entire time lag, but the PACF revealed that the correlations were good only at time lag 1. Crosscorrelation functions (CCF) were used to evaluate the correlations between the hydrological parameters and the characteristics of seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifer system. The CCFs showed that EC had a close relationship with water pressure and precipitation rather than tide. The CCFs of water pressure with tide and precipitation were in inverse proportion, and the CCF of water pressure with precipitation was larger than that with tide.  相似文献   

Geophysical flows impacting a flexible barrier: effects of solid-fluid interaction     

D. Song  C. E. Choi  C. W. W. Ng  G. G. D. Zhou 《Landslides》2018,15(1):99-110

Flexible barriers undergo large deformation to extend the impact duration, and thereby reduce the impact load of geophysical flows. The performance of flexible barriers remains a crucial challenge because there currently lacks a comprehensive criterion for estimating impact load. In this study, a series of centrifuge tests were carried out to investigate different geophysical flow types impacting an instrumented flexible barrier. The geophysical flows modelled include covered in this study include flood, hyperconcentrated flow, debris flow, and dry debris avalanche. Results reveal that the relationship between the Froude number, Fr, and the pressure coefficient α strongly depends on the formation of static deposits called dead zones which induce static loads and whether a run-up or pile-up impact mechanism develops. Test results demonstrate that flexible barriers can attenuate peak impact loads of flood, hyperconcentrated flow, and debris flow by up to 50% compared to rigid barriers. Furthermore, flexible barriers attenuate the impact load of dry debris avalanche by enabling the dry debris to reach an active failure state through large deformation. Examination of the state of static debris deposits behind the barriers indicates that hyperconcentrated and debris flows are strongly influenced by whether excessive pore water pressures regulate the depositional process of particles during the impact process. This results in significant particle rearrangement and similar state of static debris behind rigid barrier and the deformed full-retention flexible barrier, and thus the static loads on both barriers converge.  相似文献   

Effect of slit-type barrier on characteristics of water-dominant debris flows: small-scale physical modeling     

Shin-Kyu Choi  Jung-Min Lee  Tae-Hyuk Kwon 《Landslides》2018,15(1):111-122

Slit-type barriers, one of open-type barriers, are widely used as active measures to mitigate potential risk and damage by debris flows, and those are designed and installed to reduce the flow energy by only passing relatively small debris. However, the mechanisms of slit-type barriers in reducing the debris flow velocity and debris volume remain poorly understood because of the lack of well-controlled and reliable physical modeling results. This study explored the influence of various arrangements of slit-type barriers, including P-type barriers in which each rectangular barrier was placed in parallel and V-type barriers where the barriers were placed in a V-shape, on characteristics of water-dominant debris flows via small-scale model experiments. The debris flow events were reproduced against the slit-type barriers, where the velocity reduction and trap ratio were monitored, varying the angle and shape of barrier arrangements. The velocity reduction and trap ratio appeared to increase as the angle of the barrier wall decreased because of the decreased opening ratio. The V-type barriers resulted in higher velocity reduction and trap ratio than the P-type, primarily because of the smaller effective opening ratio and the more backwater effect. In addition, as the debris contained more boulders, the extent of velocity reduction and debris trap became greater in all barrier types. Two types of opening ratios, the projected and effective opening ratios, were correlated to the interactions between debris and walls. The obtained results provide baseline data for the optimum design of slit-type barriers against debris flow and suggest that the slit-type barriers can effectively manage the risk of damage by debris flows.  相似文献   

Surge impact behavior of granular flows: effects of water content     

G. G. D. Zhou  D. Song  C. E. Choi  A. Pasuto  Q. C. Sun  D. F. Dai 《Landslides》2018,15(4):695-709

Understanding the fundamental dynamics of interaction between multi-phase geophysical flows and engineering structures is crucial for mitigating geophysical hazards. Specifically, liquid phase between particles induces matric suction which could play a significant part in regulating flow dynamics and warrants further consideration. In this study, flume model tests were conducted to investigate the effects of water content (0–30%) on the impact behavior of granular flows. The particle image velocimetry technique was adopted to visualize the impact kinematics and the impact force was measured through a model barrier system. Results revealed that, besides geometric effects (kinetic sieving), mechanical effects (shearing and collision) are also vital for the mechanism of reverse segregation. At higher water contents, 20 and 30% in this study, discrete-surge impact, rather than a progressive impact process, was observed. The discrete surges induce impulses on the barrier. The discrete surges result from self-organization of unsaturated granular flows to overcome the enhanced shear strength induced by matric suction. Finally, a dimensionless index, namely the suction number, is used to quantify the effect of suction on the dynamic behavior of granular flows. Even for large-scale geophysical flows, if the content of fine particles is high, effect of suction should not be neglected.  相似文献