The variability of European floods since AD 1500     

Rüdiger Glaser  Dirk Riemann  Johannes Schönbein  Mariano Barriendos  Rudolf Brázdil  Chiara Bertolin  Dario Camuffo  Mathias Deutsch  Petr Dobrovolný  Aryan van Engelen  Silvia Enzi  Monika Halíčková  Sebastian J. Koenig  Oldřich Kotyza  Danuta Limanówka  Jarmila Macková  Mirca Sghedoni  Brice Martin  Iso Himmelsbach 《Climatic change》2010,101(1-2):235-256

The paper presents a qualitative and quantitative analysis of flood variability and forcing of major European rivers since AD 1500. We compile and investigate flood reconstructions which are based on documentary evidence for twelve Central European rivers and for eight Mediterranean rivers. Flood variability and underlying climatological causes are reconstructed by using hermeneutic approaches including critical source analysis and by applying a semi-quantitative classification scheme. The paper describes the driving climatic causes, seasonality and variability of observed flood events within the different river catchments covering the European mainland. Historical flood data are presented and recent research in the field of historical flood reconstructions is highlighted. Additionally, the character of the different flood series is discussed. A comparison of the historical flood seasonality in relation to modern distribution is given and aspects of the spatial coherence are presented. The comparative analysis points to the fact that the number of flood events is predominately triggered by regional climatic forcing, with at most only minor influence on neighbouring catchments. The only exceptions are extreme, supra-regional climatic events and conditions such as anomalous cold winters, similar to that of 1784, which affected large parts of Europe and triggered flood events in several catchments as a result of ice-break at the beginning of the annual thaw. Four periods of increased occurrence of flooding, mostly affecting Central European Rivers, have been identified; 1540–1600, 1640–1700, 1730–1790, 1790–1840. The reconstruction, compilation and analysis of European-wide flood data over the last five centuries reveal the complexity of the underlying climatological causes and the high variability of flood events in temporal and spatial dimension.  相似文献   

Short-term and seasonal variability of oxygen fluxes at the sediment–water interface in a riverine lake     

Erni Murniati  Sebastian Geissler  Andreas Lorke 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2015,77(2):183-196

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Ultrastructure of cell walls in ancient microfossils as a proxy to their biological affinities     

Ma&#x;gorzata Moczyd&#x;owska  Sebastian Willman 《Precambrian Research》2009,173(1-4):27

Bacteria and protoctists dominated the biosphere in the Archean and Proterozoic, their affinities being deduced by studies of their comparative morphology, palaeoecology, biogeochemistry, and wall ultrastructure. However, exact phylogenetic relationships are uncertain for most such microfossils. Because of the limitations imposed by the simple morphology and small dimensions of such microorganisms and their little known biochemistry, new techniques in microscopy, tomography and spectroscopy are applied to examine individual microfossils at the highest attainable spatial resolution. TEM/SEM studies of the wall ultrastructure of sphaero- and acanthomorphic acritarchs have revealed complex, single to multilayered walls, having a unique texture in sub-layers and an occasionally preserved trilaminar sheath structure (TLS) of the external layer. A variety of optical characteristics, the electron density and texture of fabrics of discrete layers, and the properties of biopolymers may indicate the polyphyletic affiliations of such microfossils and/or the preservation of various stages (vegetative, resting) in their life cycle. Primarily, wall ultrastructure allows discrimination between fossilized prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Composite wall ultrastructure provides evidence that some Proterozoic and Cambrian leiosphaerids are of algal affinities (but not, per se, that they are referable to “Leiosphaeridia”). Certain Cambrian specimens represent chlorophyceaens, having the multilayered composite wall with TLS structure known from vegetative and resting cells in modern genera of the Chlorococcales and Volvocales. The wall ultrastructure of the studied Cambrian and Proterozoic acanthomorphs resembles the resting cysts of green microalgae, but there is no evidence to suggest a close relationship of these taxa to dinoflagellates. It is apparent that although there is no single and direct method to recognize the precise phylogenetic relations of such microfossils, ultrastructural studies of their preserved cell walls and encompassing sheaths, combined with biochemical analyses and other advanced methods, may further elucidate their affinities to the modern biota.  相似文献   

Institutional interaction to address greenhouse gas emissions from international transport: ICAO, IMO and the Kyoto Protocol     

Sebastian Oberthür 《Climate Policy》2003,3(3):191-205

In response to Article 2.2 of the Kyoto Protocol, the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) have begun to consider greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international aviation and shipping. However, neither ICAO nor IMO have taken any effective action on the issue yet and progress can be characterised as slow. The lack of action has so far not been made up for by measures within the climate change regime or by individual countries. An important motivation for the efforts of ICAO and IMO so far has been the potential regulatory competition with the climate change regime. However, given the lack of political will to act on the issue within the latter, this motivation has not been very forceful. Against this backdrop, I argue that there are in particular three options for furthering progress within ICAO and IMO, namely (1) enhancing the threat of regulation of GHG emissions from international transport under the climate change regime; (2) undertaking unilateral domestic action by various countries (in particular the EU); and (3) furthering a learning process within ICAO and IMO. Furthermore, a closer coordination of efforts under ICAO, IMO and the climate change regime could facilitate and accelerate progress.  相似文献   

Tectonic analysis of an oceanic transform fault zone based on fault-slip data and earthquake focal mechanisms: the Húsavík–Flatey Fault zone, Iceland     

Sebastian Garcia  Jacques Angelier  Franoise Bergerat  Catherine Homberg 《Tectonophysics》2002,344(3-4)

The Húsavík–Flatey Fault (HFF) is an oblique dextral transform fault, part of the Tjörnes Fracture Zone (TFZ), that connects the North Volcanic Zone of Iceland and the Kolbeinsey Ridge. We carry out stress inversion to reconstruct the paleostress fields and present-day stress fields along the Húsavík–Flatey Fault, analysing 2700 brittle tectonic data measured on the field and about 700 earthquake focal mechanisms calculated by the Icelandic Meteorological Office. This allows us to discuss the Latest Cenozoic finite deformations (from the tectonic data) as well as the present-day deformations (from the earthquake mechanisms). In both these cases, different tectonic groups are reconstructed and each of them includes several distinct stress states characterised by normal or strike-slip faulting. The stress states of a same tectonic group are related through stress permutations (σ₁−σ₂ and σ₂−σ₃ permutations as well as σ₁−σ₃ reversals). They do not reflect separate tectonic episodes. The tectonic groups derived from the geological data and the earthquake data have striking similarity and are considered to be related. The obliquity of the Húsavík–Flatey Fault implies geometric accommodation in the transform zone, resulting mainly from a dextral transtension along an ENE–WSW trend. This overall mechanism is subject to slip partitioning into two stress states: a Húsavík–Flatey Fault-perpendicular, NE–SW trending extension and a Húsavík–Flatey Fault-parallel, NW–SE trending extension. These three regimes occur in various local tectonic successions and not as a regional definite succession of tectonic events. The largest magnitude earthquakes reveal a regional stress field tightly related to the transform motion, whereas the lowest magnitude earthquakes depend on the local stress fields. The field data also reveal an early extension trending similar to the spreading vector. The focal mechanism data do not reflect this extension, which occurred earlier in the evolution of the HFF and is interpreted as a stage of structural development dominated by the rifting process.  相似文献   

European winter temperature variability in a long coupled model simulation: the contribution of ocean dynamics     

Sebastian Wagner  Stefanie Legutke  Eduardo Zorita 《Climate Dynamics》2005,25(1):37-50

The interannual variability of the European winter air temperature is partially caused by anomalous atmospheric circulation and the associated advection of air masses, mainly linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). However, a considerable part of the temperature variability is not linearly described by atmospheric circulation anomalies. Here, a long control simulation with a coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model is analyzed, with the goal of decomposing the European temperature (ET) anomalies in a part linked to the anomalous atmospheric circulation and a residual. The amount of interannual variability of each contribution is roughly 50%, although at subdecadal (overdecadal) time scales the variability of the residuals is dominant. These residuals are found to be linked to temperature anomalies of the same sign in the whole North Atlantic and Greenland, in contrast to the well-known temperature zonal seesaw associated with the NAO. The association between the residuals and other processes in the North Atlantic has been also analyzed. The thermohaline circulation, closely connected in the model to the intensity of the Gulf Stream, lags the evolution of the temperature residuals by several years and thus is not able to control their evolution. The variability of the oceanic convection in the Northern North Atlantic, on the other hand, correlates with the temperature residual at lags close to zero. It is hypothesized that oceanic convection produces a sea-surface temperature fingerprint that leads to the ET residuals. The implications of these results for multi-year predictability and for empirical climate reconstructions are discussed.  相似文献   

Benthic-pelagic coupling in the Greenland-Norwegian Sea and its effect on the geological record     

Gerhard Graf  Sebastian A. Gerlach  Peter Linke  Wolfgang Queisser  Will Ritzrau  Annette Scheltz  L. Thomsen  Ursula Witte 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1995,84(1):49-58

The sedimentation pattern of organic material in the Greenland-Norwegian Sea is reflected in the surface sediments, although less than 0.5% of the organic matter is buried in the sediment. Maximum fluxes and benthic responses are observed during June and/or August/September, following the pattern of export production in the pelagial zone. The annual remineralization rate on the Vøring Plateau is 3.0 g C m^–2 a ^–1 Freshly settled phytodetritus, as detected by chlorophyll measurements, is rapidly mixed into the sediment and decomposed. It stimulates the activity of benthic organisms, especially foraminifera. The mixing coefficient for this material is D _b=0.2 cm² d^–1, which is two to three orders of magnitude higher than that estimated from radiotracer methods. The effect on the geological record, however, is likely to be small. Chlorophyll-containing particles are at first very evenly distributed on the seafloor. After partial decomposition and resuspension, a secondary redistribution of particles occurs which can result in the formation of a high accumulation area, with an up to 80-fold increase in the sedimentation rate by lateral advection. This is mainly due to physical processes, because biodeposition mediated by benthic animals increases sedimentation by only a factor of two or three.  相似文献   

The disruption and recovery of fish communities in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, following two hurricanes in 2004     

R. Paperno  D. M. Tremain  D. H. Adams  A. P. Sebastian  J. T. Sauer  J. Dutka-Gianelli 《Estuaries and Coasts》2006,29(6):1004-1010

During the summer of 2004, four hurricanes (Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne) affected Florida between August 13 and September 27. Two storms (Frances: category 2 and Jeanne: category 3) made landfall in the southern portion of the Indian River Lagoon (IRL) on the east-central coast of Florida. The presence of Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission's long-term fisheries monitoring program in the IRL provided a unique opportunity to examine the effects of large tropical events on estuarine fish communities. Increased sampling efforts to monitor the effects of tropical disturbances on the fish community within the IRL and one of its major tributaries (St. Sebastian River) were initiated within days after the passing of the last hurricane (Jeanne). The objectives of the study were to characterize changes to the composition of the fish community within the lagoon and river immediately after the passage of two hurricanes, and to examine the recovery of the fish communities. Analyses indicated that immediately after the last hurricane passed, community diversity within the estuary decreased following these storms due to the absence of many marine species, whereas the fish community within the St. Sebastian River shifted to one containing a greater percentage of freshwater species. Recovery of the community structure to pre-hurricane conditions was evident within several weeks following the last hurricane, and by mid December 2004 (ca. 3 mo after the last storm), there was little difference between the pre-hurricane and post-hurricane fish communities.  相似文献   

Special Issue Tectonophysics     

Paul W. Burton  Sebastian Hainzl  Stanislaw Lasocki   《Tectonophysics》2006,423(1-4):1

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Probabilistic seismic hazard estimation in low-seismicity regions considering non-Poissonian seismic occurrence   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Céline Beauval  Sebastian Hainzl  Frank Scherbaum 《Geophysical Journal International》2006,164(3):543-550

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