A Taylor basis for kinematic nonlinear real-time simulations. Part I: The complete modal derivatives     

Sebastian Andersen  Peter Noe Poulsen 《地震工程与结构动力学》2019,48(9):989-1006

Despite todays computational power, only small nonlinear numerical substructures may be simulated in real time. The size restriction on the substructures in nonlinear finite element analysis is primarily due to the time-consuming evaluation of the internal restoring forces, which is performed element-by-element in every iteration step. The present work constitutes the first of two papers presenting a method to simulate kinematic nonlinear structures more efficiently. It involves applying a reduced basis with modal derivatives representing the nonlinearities of the system in an efficient way. Previously, the modal derivatives have been determined from a set of approximate governing equations. In the present paper, a novel set of equations governing the complete modal derivatives is derived. This is done by introducing a Taylor series into the free undamped kinematic nonlinear equations of motion. Also, the approximate governing equations are improved by introducing a novel geometric restriction. By way of an example, it is shown that only the modal derivatives determined from the complete set of equations are consistent with the Taylor series. In the second paper, it is shown that the novel modal derivatives may be used in a so-called Taylor basis and that they improve the computational time and stability significantly.  相似文献   

利用统计地震模型从地震活动参数中获得流体信号     

Yosihiko Ogata  张彬  杨选辉 《国际地震动态》2006,(7):120-130

根据众所周知的库伦破裂准则,应力或孔隙压力的变化都会导致地震破裂。余震活动一般认为是地震应力变化引起的,它服从大森定律。而地震群则认为是通过地下流体侵入岩层所致。应力触发可以通过在地壳单独构建三维弹力应变模型分析,而地震引起的地下流体流动情况必须通过空隙压力变化和地震之间相互作用应力场的改变这样复杂的地震活动图像研究。我们看到ETAS模型是从复杂地震活动图像获得最初流体信号的一种适当工具。我们主要分析2000年发生在欧洲中部的波西米亚西北部Vogtland地区的大地震群。通过拟合随机的传染型余震序列模型(ETAS)我们发现应力触发在创建观测地震活动图像和解释观测事件破碎时间分布时起支配性作用。外力在直接触发引起地震活动中起到的作用是很有限的,这种外力被认为是由于流体入侵导致孔隙压力变化而产生的。然而时间上的反褶积表明显著的流体信号源于地震群。这些结果已被我们的仿真模型模拟研究证实,在这个研究中,流体侵入和应力在三维弹性半空间中沿断层面转移时触发地震。基于ETAS模型的反褶积过程能够揭示地下孔隙压力变化。  相似文献   

Physical properties, spectral reflectance and thickness development of first year fast ice in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Sebastian Gerland  Jan-Gunnar Winther  Jon Børre Ørbæk  Boris V. Ivanov 《Polar research》1999,18(2):275-282

A ground truth study was performed on first year fast ice in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, during spring 1997 and 1998. The survey included sea ice thickness monitoring as well as observation of surface albedo, attenuation of optical radiation in the ice, physical properties and texture of snow and sea ice. The average total sea ice thickness in May was about 0.9 m, including a 0.2 m thick snow layer on top. Within a few weeks in both years, the snow melted almost completely, whereas the ice thickness decreased by not more than 0.05 m. During spring, the lower part of the snow refroze into a solid layer. The sea ice became more porous. Temperatures in the sea ice increased and the measurable salinity of the sea ice decreased with time. Due to snow cover thinning and snow grain growth, maximum surface albedo decreased from 0.96 to 0.74. Texture analysis on cores showed columnar ice with large crystals (max. crystal lenght > 0.1 m) below a 0.11 m thick mixed surface layer of granular ice with smaller crystals. In both years, we observed sea ice algae at the bottom part of the ice. This layer has a significant effect on the radiation transmissivity.  相似文献   

Options for accounting carbon sequestration in German forests     

Joachim Krug  Michael Koehl  Thomas Riedel  Kristin Bormann  Sebastian Rueter  Peter Elsasser 《Carbon balance and management》2009,4(1):5-15

Background  

The Accra climate change talks held from 21–27 August 2008 in Accra, Ghana, were part of an ongoing series of meetings leading up to the Copenhagen meeting in December 2009. During the meeting a set of options for accounting carbon sequestration in forestry on a post-2012 framework was presented. The options include gross-net and net-net accounting and approaches for establishing baselines.  相似文献   

Submerged reef terraces of the Maldives (Indian Ocean)   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Jörn Fürstenau  Sebastian Lindhorst  Christian Betzler  Christian Hübscher 《Geo-Marine Letters》2010,30(5):511-515

There is limited knowledge about the record of sea-level rise from the last glacial maximum (LGM) until the onset of Holocene reef growth in the Maldives archipelago. Multibeam data show that atoll slopes between 130 and 55 mbsl (meters below sea level) are characterized by a step-like morphology. In parts, these terraces show a raised rim and a crenate geometry. Atoll margin features can be interpreted as successive reef-growth and -drowning stages, which are attributable to changes in the rate of sea-level rise. These changes can tentatively be correlated to known records of global sea-level change since the LGM. In addition to terraces between 97 and 55 mbsl, which can be associated with the initiation of meltwater pulses MWP-1A and -1B, several reef-drowning stages between 94 and 68 mbsl are proposed. As the Maldives can be considered a tectonically stable, far-field site, the submerged reef terraces inferred from the first multibeam dataset for this region likely represent a valuable archive for global deglacial sea-level history in the Indian Ocean.  相似文献   

Estimating the effects of technological efficiency on the European fishing fleet     

Sebastian Villasante  Ussif Rashid Sumaila 《Marine Policy》2010

By comparing the real reductions in fishing capacity of the European Union (EU) and the effects of technological efficiency, this paper presents the first comprehensive analysis since the creation of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). Using a standard methodology and a conservative value of ±4.4% for annual technological progress, the results obtained for tonnage indicated that the EU-13 fleet's fishing capacity was reduced by >4% for only three years (1991, 2004, and 2006) in the 1987–2006 period.  相似文献   

The structural inventory of a small complex impact crater: Jebel Waqf as Suwwan,Jordan          下载免费PDF全文

Thomas Kenkmann  Sebastian Sturm  Tim Krüger  Elias Salameh  Marwan Al‐Raggad  Khalil Konsul 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2017,52(7):1351-1370

The investigation of terrestrial impact structures is crucial to gain an in‐depth understanding of impact cratering processes in the solar system. Here, we use the impact structure Jebel Waqf as Suwwan, Jordan, as a representative for crater formation into a layered sedimentary target with contrasting rheology. The complex crater is moderately eroded (300–420 m) with an apparent diameter of 6.1 km and an original rim fault diameter of 7 km. Based on extensive field work, IKONOS imagery, and geophysical surveying we present a novel geological map of the entire crater structure that provides the basis for structural analysis. Parametric scaling indicates that the structural uplift (250–350 m) and the depth of the ring syncline (<200 m) are anomalously low. The very shallow relief of the crater along with a NE vergence of the asymmetric central uplift and the enhanced deformations in the up‐range and down‐range sectors of the annular moat and crater rim suggest that the impact was most likely a very oblique one (~20°). One of the major consequences of the presence of the rheologically anisotropic target was that extensive strata buckling occurred during impact cratering both on the decameter as well as on the hundred‐meter scale. The crater rim is defined by a circumferential normal fault dipping mostly toward the crater. Footwall strata beneath the rim fault are bent‐up in the down‐range sector but appear unaffected in the up‐range sector. The hanging wall displays various synthetic and antithetic rotations in the down‐range sector but always shows antithetic block rotation in the up‐range sector. At greater depth reverse faulting or folding is indicated at the rim indicating that the rim fault was already formed during the excavation stage.  相似文献   

A revision of soft proton scattering at grazing incidence and its implementation in the <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">geant</Emphasis>4 toolkit     

Alejandro Guzmán  Emanuele Perinati  Sebastian Diebold  Chris Tenzer  Andrea Santangelo 《Experimental Astronomy》2017,44(3):401-411

The scattering of soft protons inside the Wolter-type optics of X-ray observatories has been proven to concentrate these particles onto the focal plane instruments. The funneling of these protons increases the instrumental background and can also contribute to the degrading of the detectors. The instrumental background and degradation of the detector’s performance experienced by Chandra and XMM-Newton is significantly larger than what was expected on the basis of previous Monte Carlo simulations. For Chandra the main issue is the degradation of the energy resolution due to lattice displacements in the detectors. For XMM the contribution to the instrumental background is more significant. In between, new laboratory measurements as well as a revision of the theory are needed to correctly assess the impact of the environmental radiation for future missions. In this publication we present a Geant4 class that will allow future users to select between either theoretical models or measured data to simulate the scattering of soft protons at grazing angles. To develop this method, we revisit the theory of elastic scattering of protons on polished surfaces and implement these approaches into Geant4. We also implemented recently performed measurements using parts of eROSITA (extended ROentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array) mirror shells as scattering targets as another scattering model to be used within the Geant4 toolkit.  相似文献   

Integrating X‐ray mapping and microtomography of garnet with thermobarometry to define the P–T evolution of the (near) UHP Międzygórze eclogite,Sudetes, SW Poland     

Jaros&#x;aw Majka  Stanis&#x;aw Mazur  Maria M&#x;ynarska  Iwona Klonowska  Lorraine Tual  Karolina Komi&#x;ska  Jacek Tarasiuk  Sebastian Wro&#x;ski 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2019,37(1):97-112

Detailed X‐ray compositional mapping and microtomography have revealed the complex zoning and growth history of garnet in a kyanite‐bearing eclogite. The garnet occurs as clusters of coalesced grains with cores revealing slightly higher Ca and lower Mg than the rims forming the coalescence zones between the grains. Core regions of the garnet host inclusions of omphacite with the highest jadeite, and phengite with the highest Si, similar to values in the cores of omphacite and phengite located in the matrix. Therefore, the core compositions of garnet, omphacite, and phengite have been chosen for the peak pressure estimate. Coupled conventional thermobarometry, average P–T, and phase equilibrium modelling in the NCKFMMnASHT system yields P–T conditions of 26–30 kbar at 800–930°C. Although coesite is not preserved, these P–T conditions partially overlap the coesite stability field, suggesting near ultra‐high–pressure (UHP) conditions during the formation of this eclogite. Therefore, the peak pressure assemblage is suggested to have been garnet–omphacite–kyanite–phengite–coesite/quartz–rutile. Additional lines of evidence for the possible UHP origin of the Mi?dzygórze eclogite are the presence of rod‐shaped inclusions of quartz parallel to the c‐axis in omphacite as well as relatively high values of Ca‐Tschermak and Ca‐Eskola components. Late zoisite, rare diopside–plagioclase symplectites rimming omphacite, and minor phlogopite–plagioclase symplectites replacing phengite formed during retrogression together with later amphibole. These retrograde assemblages lack minerals typical of granulite facies, which suggests simultaneous decompression and cooling during exhumation before the crustal‐scale folding that was responsible for final exhumation of the eclogite.  相似文献   

Headwaters drive streamflow and lowland tracer export in a large-scale humid tropical catchment     

Christian Birkel  Alicia Correa-Barahona  Marco Martinez-Martinez  Sebastian Granados-Bolaños  Nelson Venegas-Cordero  Kenneth Gutiérrez-García  Sara Blanco-Ramírez  Rafael Quesada-Mora  Vanessa Solano-Rivera  Jasson Mussio-Mora  Andres Chavarría-Palma  Katherine Vargas-Arias  Georgianne W. Moore  Ana Maria Durán-Quesada  Javier Vasquez-Morera  Chris Soulsby  Dörthe Tetzlaff  Edgar Espinoza-Cisneros  Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo 《水文研究》2020,34(18):3824-3841

Headwaters are generally assumed to contribute the majority of water to downstream users, but how much water, of what quality and where it is generated are rarely known in the humid tropics. Here, using monthly monitoring in the data scarce (2,370 km²) San Carlos catchment in northeastern Costa Rica, we determined runoff-area relationships linked to geochemical and isotope tracers. We established 46 monitoring sites covering the full range of climatic, land use and geological gradients in the catchment. Regression and cluster analysis revealed unique spatial patterns and hydrologically functional landscape units. These units were used for seasonal and annual Bayesian tracer mixing models to assess spatial water source contributions to the outlet. Generally, the Bayesian mixing analysis showed that the chemical and isotopic imprint at the outlet is throughout the year dominated by the adjacent lowland catchments (68%) with much less tracer influence from the headwaters. However, the headwater catchments contributed the bulk of water and tracers to the outlet during the dry season (>50%) despite covering less than half of the total catchment area. Additionally, flow volumes seemed to be linearly scaled by area maintaining a link between the headwaters and the outlet particularly during high flows of the rainy season. Stable isotopes indicated mean recharge elevations above the mean catchment altitude, which further supports that headwaters were the primary source of downstream water. Our spatially detailed “snap-shot” sampling enabled a viable alternative source of large-scale hydrological process knowledge in the humid tropics with limited data availability.  相似文献