SWIFT-DASH: Spatial Heterodyne Spectroscopy Approach to Stratospheric Wind and Ozone Measurement     

Brian Solheim  Stephen Brown  Chris Sioris  Gordon Shepherd 《大气与海洋》2015,53(1):50-57

Abstract

Passive wind measurements using Doppler shifts from atmospheric emissions were well demonstrated by the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) and the High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) instruments on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, operated from 1991 to 2005. For WINDII these emissions were from visible region upper atmospheric airglow in the altitude range from 80 to 300?km. Application of the same technique in the stratosphere requires using thermal emission from a minor constituent, and an ozone line near 1133?cm^?1 (about 8.8?μm) has been identified as a suitable target line. The WINDII method employed a Doppler Michelson Interferometer, in which the wind is measured from phase shifts of a single spectral line. Isolating a single ozone spectral line is a major challenge but using Spatial Heterodyne Spectroscopy (SHS) offers a way to resolve a number of interferogram spectral components (fringes) within a narrow spectral range. The instrument is a Michelson interferometer similar to WINDII but one in which the two mirrors are replaced by diffraction gratings. A developmental instrument capable of measuring the phase shifts from several ozone lines within a spectral range of 4?cm^?1 has been designed, built, and operated in the laboratory. Simulated retrievals using the measurement parameters of this instrument demonstrate the capability of wind measurement with an accuracy better than 3?m?s^?1 over an altitude range of 24 to 60?km. The retrieval employs four spectral lines for wind and three fringe frequencies for ozone concentration (of about 30 possible), each of which provides an optimal measurement for a particular altitude range. Ozone concentrations are also provided with an accuracy better than 10% from 20 to 50?km. Further detailed tests of this instrument are planned for the future. This work is supported by the Canadian Space Agency.  相似文献   

Multi-hazard climate risk projections for the United States   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

KC  Binita  Shepherd  J. M.  King  Anthony W.  Johnson Gaither  Cassandra 《Natural Hazards》2021,105(2):1963-1976

Natural Hazards - Climate risk is a consequence of climate hazards, exposure, and the vulnerability (IPCC 2014). Here, we assess future (2040–2049) climate risk for the entire contiguous US...  相似文献   

Two measures of overall fishing mortality     

Shepherd  J. G. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1983,41(1):76-80

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A simple method for the consistent interpretation of catch-at-age data   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

Pope  J. G.; Shepherd  J. G. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1982,40(2):176-184

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Experiences of a “semantics smackdown”     

Adam M. Leadbetter  Adam Shepherd  Robert Arko  Cynthia Chandler  Yanning Chen  Nkemdirim Dockery  Renata Ferreira  Linyun Fu  Robert Thomas  Patrick West  Stephan Zednik 《Earth Science Informatics》2016,9(3):355-363

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Effects of the MV Rena oil spill on intertidal rocky reefs in the Bay of Plenty,New Zealand     

DR Schiel  PM South  SA Lilley 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2016,50(1):70-86

In the weeks following the 2011 Rena oil spill, a series of surveys was initiated on eight rocky intertidal reefs to describe the distribution of oil and to assess the impacts of oil on ecological communities. Consistent but relatively low cover of oil occurred at two sites (Mt Maunganui and Moturiki). The area covered by oil had decreased by c. 90% after 5 months due to natural weathering processes. There were immediate effects of oil fouling on the mussel Limnoperna pulex and its associated fauna, with reductions in the number of mussels and infaunal taxonomic richness. However, no ecological effects on any of the communities were detectable after 1 month. Overall, the ecological effects of the Rena oil spill on rocky shore intertidal communities were small and not long-lasting, but we stress that this does not consider potential sublethal effects and their consequences on organisms.  相似文献   

The Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Micro-algae: a significant national collection     

L Rhodes  KF Smith  L MacKenzie  SA Wood  K Ponikla  DT Harwood 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2016,50(2):291-316

The Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Micro-algae (CICCM) is a unique, nationally and internationally significant collection of 450 strains of approximately 100 micro-algae and 50 cyanobacteria species, both living and cryopreserved. The collection comprises 13 taxonomic classes and underpins research into the ecology and taxonomy of the isolates and the biotoxins they produce and their toxicity. The CICCM expanded significantly in the 1990s after a major harmful algae bloom event in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Since 2000, it has underpinned development of molecular detection tools and enabled development of new chemical testing methods for biotoxins in seafood. The tropical collection allows research into potential issues for New Zealand as the oceans warm, for example, the risks of ciguatera fish poisoning and palytoxins in seafood. Research results generated from isolates in the cyanobacterial collection have assisted national risk management regarding drinking water and informed the development of the New Zealand guidelines for managing cyanobacteria in recreational fresh waters. The actual living and cryopreserved micro-algae and cyanobacteria collection (without infrastructure) has a current estimated value of NZ$1.6 million.  相似文献   

地震孕育、发生、发展动态过程的三维有限元数值模拟   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10       下载免费PDF全文

王妙月  底青云  张美根  刘飒  朱玲 《地球物理学报》1999,42(2):218-227

为探讨用数值方法模拟地震孕育、发生、发展动态过程的途径,从线性流变体介质内制约质点运动的运动方程出发,导出了模拟地震孕育、发生、发展动态过程的三维有限元方程及程序。还给出了模拟进程中地震孕育、发生、发展过程的约束条件,使得可以用同一个程序完整地模拟地震孕育、发生、发展的全过程,为地震过程本质的认识以及物理预报的实现提供了一个潜在的新手段。  相似文献   

巷道围岩状态的等效应力等效应变表述     

潘岳  撒占友  贺可强 《岩土力学》2005,26(11):1695-1699

在体积应变为零的条件下,根据巷道围岩属简单加载的特性得到围岩中同时关联三向应力 , , 和三向应变 , , 的,用等效应力 和等效应变 表示的对围岩加载-形变关系式。严格地论证了巷道围岩的弹性、硬化、软化和流动区的应力应变状态分别与围岩的等效应力-等效应变曲线各阶段的应力应变状态相对应。以等效应力、等效应变为中间变量可以简化围岩弹性分析,简捷地写出巷道围岩偏应力应变能的计算公式。等效剪应力 是围岩中的最大剪应力 ,等效剪应力单元受正应力和剪应力作用,但其上只有剪切应变,这突出了巷道围岩形变破坏是由于最大剪应力和偏应力应变能所致的实质。根据等效剪应力概念确定的滑移线,可适用于材料应变硬化和软化阶段,不要求刚塑性假定条件。  相似文献   

断裂引起的应变量计算方法     

许顺山  Nieto-Samaniego  AF  Alaniz-Alvarez  SA 《地质力学学报》2008,14(4):320-327

本文介绍了断裂引起的应变量计算方法。断裂作用可导致连续应变和非连续应变。连续应变与断裂位移,断裂长度比值及断裂面上有效应力成正相关关系。影响非连续应变的因素有：断裂几何形态、断裂的旋转性、断裂规模。已经提出三种断裂旋转机制：刚性旋转,垂直剪切和斜向剪切。对于这三种机制,我们分别建立了断裂非连续应变的计算公式。这些公式与断裂的旋转角度和位移大小相关。刚性旋转时,断块内部没有任何塑性变形,因此地层的长度没有变化。它引起的非连续应变最小。垂直剪切作用使断块内地层变形,但水平方向的地层长度不变。推算的公式表明,对于相同的原始数据,它引起的非连续应变比刚性旋转机制引起的非连续应变大。斜向剪切也使断块内地层变形,但水平方向的长度也不变。在同等条件下,它引起的非连续应变比垂直剪切机制引起的非连续应变大。  相似文献