Objective measures of the information density of satellite data     

H. -L. Huang  R. J. Purser 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1996,60(1-3):105-117

Summary We propose and objective method whereby the density of Shannon's information associated with the retrieval of a profile of atmospheric variables from satellite-derived infrared radiance measurements may be estimated. The technique is a natural extension of one we previously proposed to estimate the effective data density in a profile. We test the method in a comparison of simulated satellite instruments to show that the method does indeed provide an objective summary of the spatial distribution of each instrument's information content. We propose that further extensions of the method be developed to include other more traditional data sources in a fully three-dimensional scheme. We also note that analogous and compatible methods may be used to diagnose the information content of meteorological analysis and forecast fields relative to the information contained in the covariance, at the appropriate season, of the corresponding climate fields.With 8 Figures  相似文献   

Crystal-Mush Compaction and the Origin of Pegmatitic Segregation Sheets in a Thick Flood-Basalt Flow in the Mesozoic Hartford Basin, Connecticut   总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5  

PHILPOTTS  ANTHONY R.; CARROLL  MAUREEN; HILL  JAMES M. 《Journal of Petrology》1996,37(4):811-836

Where the Holyoke flood-basalt flow in the Mesozoic HartfordBasin in Connecticut is thick and contains coarse-grained, horizontalsegregation sheets in its central part, the lower part of theflow is strongly depleted in incompatible elements; where theflow is thin and contains no segregation sheets it is homogeneousthroughout. This chemical variation can be explained only throughcompaction of the partly crystallized basalt. The compositionof the segregation sheets shows that they separated from thebasalt following only 33% crystallization. The segregation sheets,however, are clearly intrusive into the basalt, which must thereforehave already formed a crystal mush with finite strength at thislow degree of crystallinity. The incompatible element concentrationsindicate that the partly crystallized basalt underwent as muchas 28% compaction in the lowest 60 m of the flow. Between 60and 130 m above the base of the flow, the crystal mush becamedilated, and eventually ruptured with formation of the segregationsheets. No segregation sheet has a composition indicating separationafter more than 33% crystallization of the basalt. This is interpretedto indicate that compaction ceased at this stage because ofthe increasing strength of the mush and the increasing densityof the fractionating interstitial liquid KEY WORDS: crystal-mush compaction; segregation shtets; flood basalt; tholeiitie; Connecticut ^*e-mail: philpotts{at}geol.uconn.edu  相似文献   

Quantification of the effects of secondary matrix on the analysis of sandstone composition, and a petrographic-chemical technique for retrieving original framework grain modes of altered sandstones     

Cox R  Lowe DR 《Journal of sedimentary research. Section A, Sedimentary petrology and processes : an international journal of SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology)》1996,66(3):548-558

Most studies of sandstone provenance involve modal analysis of framework grains using techniques that exclude the fine-grained breakdown products of labile mineral grains and rock fragments, usually termed secondary matrix or pseudomatrix. However, the data presented here demonstrate that, when the proportion of pseudomatrix in a sandstone exceeds 10%, standard petrographic analysis can lead to incorrect provenance interpretation. Petrographic schemes for provenance analysis such as QFL and QFR should not therefore be applied to sandstones containing more than 10% secondary matrix. Pseudomatrix is commonly abundant in sandstones, and this is therefore a problem for provenance analysis. The difficulty can be alleviated by the use of whole-rock chemistry in addition to petrographic analysis. Combination of chemical and point-count data permits the construction of normative compositions that approximate original framework grain compositions. Provenance analysis is also complicated in many cases by fundamental compositional alteration during weathering and transport. Many sandstones, particularly shallow marine deposits, have undergone vigorous reworking, which may destroy unstable mineral grains and rock fragments. In such cases it may not be possible to retrieve provenance information by either petrographic or chemical means. Because of this, pseudomatrix-rich sandstones should be routinely included in chemical-petrological provenance analysis. Because of the many factors, both pre- and post-depositional, that operate to increase the compositional maturity of sandstones, petrologic studies must include a complete inventory of matrix proportions, grain size and sorting parameters, and an assessment of depositional setting.  相似文献   

Revised chemical models of ζ Oph based on HST data     

R. Wagenblast  D. A. Williams 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1996,236(2):257-265

Hubble Space Telescope observations by Savage, Cardelli and Sofia (1992) and Cardelliet al. (1993) have led to improved gas phase abundances for many elements in the diffuse cloud towards the star Oph. Most remarkably, it was found that oxygen is much more strongly depleted than previousCopernicus observations indicated. As a consequence, chemical models of the Oph cloud are severely affected by the drop in the observed oxygen abundance by almost a factor of two; some previous model calculations for the Oph cloud failed to reproduce-even approximately-the observed high CO column density. The model calculations for the Oph cloud developed by Wagenblast (1992) in which the abundance of all observed neutral molecules could be reproduced have been revised and it is found that oxygen and nitrogen hydrides are required to be formed efficiently on the surface of grains; further, there are indications for a high cosmic ray ionization rate of the order 10^–16 s^–1.  相似文献   

The GEM project: An international collaboration to survey galactic radiation emission     

S. Torres  V. Cañon  R. Casas  A. Umaña  C. Tello  T. Villela  M. Bersanelli  M. Bensadoun  G. De Amici  M. Limon  G. Smoot  C. Witebsky 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1996,240(2):225-234

The GEM (Galactic Emission Mapping) project is an international collaboration established with the aim of surveying the full sky at long wavelengths with a multi-frequency radio telescope. A total of 745 hours of observation at 408 MHz were completed from an Equatorial site in Colombia. The observations cover the celestial band 0 ^h <<24 ^h , and –24° 22<<+35° 37. Preliminary results of this partial survey will be discussed. A review of the instrumental setup and a 10° resolution sky map at 408 MHz is presented.Presented by S. Torres at the UN/ESA Workshop on Basic Space Sciences: From Small Telescopes to Space Missions, Colombo, Sri Lanka 11–14 January 1996  相似文献   

Propagation of solar cosmic rays: Diffusion versus focused diffusion     

L. G. Kocharov  J. Torsti  R. Vainio  G. A. Kovaltsov 《Solar physics》1996,165(1):205-208

This paper is designed to bring to the attention the fact that the effect of focusing of solar energetic particles is always essential as compared with scattering, no matter how small the value of the mean free path may be. That is why, an ordinary (focusing-free) diffusion approach can not be applied to the solar cosmic ray transport. In the case of high-energy solar particles, the focused diffusion is demonstrated to lead to a power law decay of energetic particle intensity much like an ordinary diffusion. However, the power law index of the decay is renormalized by the focusing.  相似文献   

Whistler observations of the quiet time plasmasphere-ionosphere coupling fluxes at low latitude     

Lalmani  R. P. Singh  Rajesh Singh  Altaf Ahmad 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1996,74(1):7-15

Observations of whistlers during quiet times made at low-latitude ground station Nainital (geomag. lat. 19 1 N) are used to deduce plasmasphere-ionosphere coupling fluxes. The whistler data from 3 magnetically quiet days are presented that show a smooth decrease in dispersion with time. This decrease in dispersion is interpreted in terms of a corresponding decrease in electron content of tubes of ionization. The electron densities, electron tube contents (10¹⁶ el/m²-tube) and coupling fluxes (10 el m^–1 s^–2) are computed by means of an accurate curve fitting method developed by Tarcsai (1975) and are in good agreement with the results reported by other workers.  相似文献   

Coherent eddies and turbulence in vegetation canopies: The mixing-layer analogy   总被引：58，自引：42，他引：16  

M. R. Raupach  J. J. Finnigan  Y. Brunei 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1996,78(3-4):351-382

This paper argues that the active turbulence and coherent motions near the top of a vegetation canopy are patterned on a plane mixing layer, because of instabilities associated with the characteristic strong inflection in the mean velocity profile. Mixing-layer turbulence, formed around the inflectional mean velocity profile which develops between two coflowing streams of different velocities, differs in several ways from turbulence in a surface layer. Through these differences, the mixing-layer analogy provides an explanation for many of the observed distinctive features of canopy turbulence. These include: (a) ratios between components of the Reynolds stress tensor; (b) the ratio K _H/K _M of the eddy diffusivities for heat and momentum; (c) the relative roles of ejections and sweeps; (d) the behaviour of the turbulent energy balance, particularly the major role of turbulent transport; and (e) the behaviour of the turbulent length scales of the active coherent motions (the dominant eddies responsible for vertical transfer near the top of the canopy). It is predicted that these length scales are controlled by the shear length scale % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamitamaaBa% aaleaacaWGtbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadwfacaGGOaGaamiAaiaacMca% caGGVaGabmyvayaafaGaaiikaiaadIgacaGGPaaaaa!3FD0!\[L_S = U(h)/U'(h)\] (where h is canopy height, U(z) is mean velocity as a function of height z, and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmyvayaafa% Gaeyypa0JaaeizaiaadwfacaGGVaGaaeizaiaadQhaaaa!3C32!\[U' = {\rm{d}}U/{\rm{d}}z\]). In particular, the streamwise spacing of the dominant canopy eddies is _x = mL _s, with m = 8.1. These predictions are tested against many sets of field and wind-tunnel data. We propose a picture of canopy turbulence in which eddies associated with inflectional instabilities are modulated by larger-scale, inactive turbulence, which is quasi-horizontal on the scale of the canopy.  相似文献   

A wind tunnel study of turbulent flow around single and multiple windbreaks, part I: Velocity fields   总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5  

M. J. Judd  M. R. Raupach  J. J. Finnigan 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1996,80(1-2):127-165

This paper describes wind-tunnel experiments on the flow around single and multiple porous windbreaks (height H), sheltering a model plant canopy (height H/3). The mean wind is normal to the windbreaks, which span the width of the wind tunnel. The incident turbulent flow simulates the adiabatic atmospheric surface layer. Five configurations are examined: single breaks of three solidities (low, medium, high; solidity = 1 - porosity), and medium-solidity multiple breaks of streamwise spacing 12H and 6H. The experimental emphases are on the interactions of the windbreak flow with the underlying plant canopy; the effects of solidity; the differences in shelter between single and multiple windbreaks; and the scaling properties of the flow. Principal results are: (1) the "quiet zones" behind each windbreak are smaller in multiple than single arrays, because of the higher turbulence level in the very rough-wall internal boundary layer which develops over the multiple arrays. Nevertheless, the overall shelter effectiveness is higher for multiple arrays than single windbreaks because of the "nonlocal shelter" induced by the array as a whole. (2) The flow approaching the windbreak decelerates above the canopy but accelerates within the canopy, particularly when the windbreak solidity is high. (3) A strong mixing layer forms just downwind of the top of each windbreak, showing some of the turbulence and scaling properties of the classical mixing layer formed between uniform, coflowing streams. (4) No dramatic increase in turbulence levels in the canopy is evident at the point where the deepening mixing layer contacts the canopy (around x/H = 3) but the characteristic inflection in the canopy wind profile is eliminated at this point.  相似文献   

Surface renewal analysis for sensible and latent heat flux density   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

R. L. Snyder  D. Spano  K. T. Pawu 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1996,77(3-4):249-266

High frequency temperature measurements were recorded at five heights and surface renewal (SR) analysis was used to estimate sensible heat flux density (H) over 0.1 m tall grass. Traces of the temperature data showed ramp-like structures, and the mean amplitude and duration of these ramps were used to calculate H using structure functions. Data were compared with H values measured with a sonic anemometer. Latent heat flux density (E) was calculated using an energy balance and the results were compared with E computed from the sonic anemometer data. SR analysis provided good estimates of H for data recorded at all heights but the canopy top and at the highest measurement level, which was above the fully adjusted boundary layer.  相似文献