Photo's from Proceedings of the Third MicroQuasar Workshop; Granada Worshop on Galactic Relativistic Jet Sources – Granada,Spain, 11–13 September 2000     

Herbert W. Schnopper  Eric Silver  Stephen Murray  Suzanne Romaine  Simon Bandler  Christine Jones  William Forman  Norman Madden  Jeffery Beeman  Eugene Haller  Finn Christensen  Niels Westergaard  Juan Fabregat  Victor Reglero  Alvaro Gimenez  Noah Brosch  Elia Liebowitz  Hagai Netzer  Marco Barbera  Alfonso Collura  Salvatore Sciortino 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2001,276(1):49-65

The X-Ray Spectroscopic Explorer (XRASE) has a unique combination of features that will make it possible to address many of NASA's scientific goals. These include how galaxy clusters form, the physics and chemistry of the ISM, the heating of stellar coronae, the amount and content of intergalactic baryonic matter, the mass of black holes and the formation of disks and jets in AGN and galactic binaries. XRASE has a thin foil, multilayered telescope with a large collecting area up to 10 keV, especially in the Fe K region (1100 cm²). Its microcalorimeter array combines high energy resolution (7 eV at 6 keV) and efficiency with a field-of-view of 26 arcmin² . A deep orbit allows for long, continuous observations. Monitoring instruments in the optical (WOM-X), UV (TAUVEX) and hard X-RAY (GRAM) bands will offer exceptional opportunities to make simultaneous multi-wavelength observations.  相似文献   

Comment on ‘The fast Hankel transform’ by Adel A. Mohsen and E.A. Hashish1     

Niels B. Christensen 《Geophysical Prospecting》1996,44(3):469-471

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Effect of geochemical conditions on fate of organic compounds in groundwater     

J. J. W. Higgo  P. H. Nielsen  M. P. Bannon  I. Harrison  T. H. Christensen 《Environmental Geology》1996,27(4):335-346

In situ microcosms were successfully used to study the degradation of a range of organic compounds in two pristine aquifers, one aerobic (Vejen) and one anaerobic (Villa Farm). Degradation and sorption behavior in the laboratory column microcosms packed with Villa Farm sediment was very similar to that in the in situ microcosms. However, when the columns were packed with quartz and equilibrated with aerated Villa Farm groundwater, behavior mirrored that at Vejen, indicating that oxygen rather than sediment or groundwater composition was the critical parameter. The aromatic and polyaromatic compounds (benzene, toluene,o-xylene, naphthalene) degraded under aerobic conditions only. The organochlorine compounds (trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,4-dichlorobenzene and 1,2-dichlorobenzene) showed little or no sign of degradation either aerobically or anaerobically. Interpretation of the data was complicated by strong sorption to the Villa Farm sediment but tetrachloromethane, nitrobenzene, ando-nitrophenol appeared to degrade under anaerobic conditions only. Phenol degraded rapidly under both sets of conditions.  相似文献   

Seasonal carbon dioxide balance and respiration of a high-arctic fen ecosystem in NE-Greenland   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

C. Nordstroem  H. Soegaard  T. R. Christensen  T. Friborg  B. U. Hansen 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2001,70(1-4):149-166

Summary  Turbulent fluxes of CO₂ were continuously measured by eddy correlation for three months in 1997 over a gramineous fen in a high-arctic environment at Zackenberg (74°28′12″N, 20°34′23″W) in NE-Greenland. The measurements started on 1 June, when there was still a 1–2 m cover of dry snow, and ended 26 August at a time that corresponds to late autumn at this high-arctic site. During the 20-day period with snow cover, fluxes of CO₂ to the atmosphere were small, typically 0.005 mg CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ (0.41 g CO₂ m⁻² d⁻¹), wheres during the thawed period, the fluxes displayed a clear diurnal variation. During the snow-free period, before the onset of vegetation growth, fluxes of CO₂ to the atmosphere were typically 0.1 mg CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ in the afternoon, and daily sums reached values up to almost 9 g CO₂ m⁻² d⁻¹. After 4 July, downward fluxes of CO₂ increased, and on sunny days in the middle of the growing season, the net ecosystem exchange rates attained typical values of about −0.23 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ at midday and max values of daily sums of −12 g CO₂ m⁻² d⁻¹. Throughout the measured period the fen ecosystem acted as a net-sink of 130 g CO₂ m⁻². Modelling the ecosystem respiration during the season corresponded well with eddy correlation and chamber measurements. On the basis of the eddy correlation data and the predicted respiration effluxes, an estimate of the annual CO₂ balance the calender year 1997 was calculated to be a net-sink of 20 g CO₂ m⁻² yr⁻¹. Received October 6, 1999 Revised May 2, 2000  相似文献   

The zoned Kleivan granite — an end member of the anorthosite suite in southwest Norway     

Jon Steen Petersen 《Lithos》1980,13(1):79-95

The intrusive Kleivan granite, Farsund area, SW Norway, shows a gradual unilateral zonation from charnockite through hornblende granite to biotite granite. Strong geochemical fractionation includes K/Rb variation from 478 to 121 and Rb/Sr from 0.13 to 26.4, and points towards a petrogenetic relationship with anorthosite suite rocks not apparent in the more homogeneous charnockites of the area. Close geochemical and petrographic similarity between the charnockitic part of the Kleivan granite and the Farsund charnockite suggest derivation of both plutons from a common source. Quantitative trace element modelling, based on crystal fractions derived from petrographic mixing calculations relating four main rock types, suggests that the Kleivan granite zonation may result from a fractional crystallization process, involving noritic and mangeritic cumulate-kindreds. The results therefore indicate strongly that simple relationships exist between charnockite and anorthosite rock-kindreds. A partial fusion model for the Farsund charnockite is favoured, since this explains the development of an anomalous Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio (0.7128 compared with 0.7053 for the Kleivan granite) and higher Rb/Sr ratios, other trace elements being similar for the two related charnockites. The recognition of substantial amounts of acid end members to the anorthosite suite of the Rogaland province supports an origin in common with andesine-type anorthosites for this igneous province.  相似文献   

Madrid — Die wasserversorgung der stadt durch qanate im laufe der geschichte: TROLL,C. and C. BRAUN (1972): 88 pp., 18 figs., tables, 1 map. Wiesbaden: Franz Stelner Verlag. DM 22,-.     

Steen Bc̈her 《Geoforum》1973,4(3):84-85

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A dictionary of natural resources and their principal uses: JACKSON,N. and P.A. PENN (1969): 2nd ed. VII, 151 pp., 27 plates and some figures in the text,appendix. Oxford: Pergamon Press. hard cover: 30 s, $ 4.75: flexicover: 18 s, $ 2.75.     

Steen Böcher 《Geoforum》1972,3(1):97

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Lateral heterogeneity in the seismic structure of the oceanic crust inferred from velocity studies in the Bay of Islands ophiolite, Newfoundland     

Nikolas I. Christensen  Matthew H. Salisbury 《Geophysical Journal International》1982,68(3):675-688

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The generation of vertical thermospheric winds and gravity waves at auroral latitudes—I. Observations of vertical winds     

D. Rees  R.W. Smith  P.J. Charleton  F.G. McCormac  N. Lloyd  Åke Steen 《Planetary and Space Science》1984,32(6):667-684

Observations of vertical and horizontal thermospheric winds, using the OI (3P-1D) 630 nm emission line, by ground-based Fabry-Perot interferometers in Northern Scandinavia and in Svalbard (Spitzbergen) have identified sources of strong vertical winds in the high latitude thermosphere. Observations from Svalbard (78.2N 15.6E) indicate a systematic diurnal pattern of strong downward winds in the period 06.00 U.T. to about 18.00 U.T., with strong upward winds between 20.00 U.T. and 05.00 U.T. Typical velocities of 30 m s^?1 downward and 50 m s^?1 upward occur, and there is day to day variability in the magnitude (30–80 m s^?1) and phase (+/- 3 h) in the basically diurnal variation. Strong and persistent downward winds may also occur for periods of several hours in the afternoon and evening parts of the auroral oval, associated with the eastward auroral electrojet (northward electric fields and westward ion drifts and winds), during periods of strong geomagnetic disturbances. Average downward values of 30–50 m s^?1 have been observed for periods of 4–6 h at times of large and long-lasting positive bay disturbances in this region. It would appear that the strong vertical winds of the polar cap and disturbed dusk auroral oval are not in the main associated with propagating wave-like features of the wind field. A further identified source is strongly time-dependent and generates very rapid upward vertical motions for periods of 15–30 min as a result of intense local heating in the magnetic midnight region of the auroral oval during the expansion phase of geomagnetic disturbances, and accompanying intense magnetic and auroral disturbances. In the last events, the height-integrated vertical wind (associated with a mean altitude of about 240 km) may exceed 100–150 m s^?1. These disturbances also invariably cause major time-dependent changes of the horizontal wind field with, for example, horizontal wind changes exceeding 500 m s^?1 within 30 min. The changes of vertical winds and the horizontal wind field are highly correlated, and respond directly to the local geomagnetic energy input. In contrast to the behaviour observed in the polar cap or in the disturbed afternoon auroral oval, the ‘expansion phase’ source, which corresponds to the classical ‘auroral substorm’, generates strong time-dependent wind features which may propagate globally. This source thus directly generates one class of thermospheric gravity waves. In this first paper we will consider the experimental evidence for vertical winds. In a second paper we will use a three-dimensional time-dependent model to identify the respective roles of geomagnetic energy and momentum in the creation of both classes of vertical wind sources, and consider their propagation and effects on global thermospheric dynamics.  相似文献   

Thermal Emission Spectrometer Observations of Martian Planet-Encircling Dust Storm 2001A     

Michael D. SmithBarney J. Conrath  John C. PearlPhilip R. Christensen 《Icarus》2002,157(1):259-263

The initiation and evolution of a planet-encircling dust storm on Mars have been observed in unprecedented detail by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) on board the Mars Global Surveyor. A local dust storm began to expand quickly on 26 June 2001 (areo-centric longitude, L_s=185°), becoming a planet-encircling dust storm by 11 July 2001. The dust storm had dust optical depth >2 over wide areas and caused atmospheric temperatures over a large vertical range to warm by >40 K from 20°N latitude to the south pole.  相似文献