Thermal behaviour of davyne-group minerals     

Elena Bonaccorsi  Paola Comodi  Stefano Merlino 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1995,22(6):367-374

The thermal behaviour of microsommite (MC), davyne from Vesuvius (DV) and from Zabargad (DZ) was determined by X-ray single crystal data obtained employing a microfurnace connected to a four-circle diffractometer. Upon heating, the a parameter increased linearly, with similar thermal expansion rates for the three samples: the mean linear expansion coefficients, _a , were 10.2(3)·10^-6, 13.4(7)·10^-6, 15.1(8)·10^-1 K^-1 for MC, DV and DZ respectively.At about 473 K both MC and DZ showed a discontinuity in the expansion of the c parameter. The mean linear expansion coefficient, _c , changed abruptly from 16(4)·10^-6 K^-1 for both minerals below the discontinuity to 2(1)·10^-6 and 3(1)·10^-6 K^-1 for MC and DZ, respectively, above the discontinuity. In DV, however, the _c coefficient was constant between 293 und 827 K and equal to 1(2)·10^-6 K^-1.  相似文献   

Site effects of the 2002 Molise earthquake, Italy: analysis of strong motion, ambient noise, and synthetic data from 2D modelling in San Giuliano di Puglia     

A. Strollo  S. M. Richwalski  S. Parolai  M. R. Gallipoli  M. Mucciarelli  R. Caputo 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2007,5(3):347-362

On 31 October and 1 November 2002, the Basso Molise area (Southern Italy) was struck by two earthquakes of moderate magnitude (M _L = 5.4 and 5.3). The epicentral area showed a high level of damage, attributable both to the high vulnerability of existing buildings and to site effects caused by the geological and geomorphological settings. Specifically, the intensity inside the town of San Giuliano di Puglia was two degrees higher than in neighbouring towns. Also, within San Giuliano di Puglia, the damage varied notably. The site response in the city was initially evaluated from horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios (HVSR) from a limited number of strong motion recordings of the most severe aftershocks. Several microtremor measurements were also available. Both data sets indicated the simultaneous presence of two amplification peaks: one around 6 Hz, attributed in previous studies to the strong, shallow impedance contrast among landfill/clay and calcarenites, and one at 2 Hz related to the first S-wave arrivals and predominantly seen only on one receiver component. Further studies performed on weak-motion recordings also showed strong amplification on the vertical receiver component, thus indicating an underestimation of the amplification by the HVSR technique. Additionally, a 2D-model of the geology of the sub-surface was developed, reproducing the flower-shaped structure generated during the late orogenic transpressive regime. The numerical (finite-difference hybrid) simulation reproduced the two peaks of the observed data at slightly higher frequencies. The model also confirmed that the borders of the flower structure define a boundary between amplification levels, with higher amplification inside.  相似文献   

Textural and fluid inclusion constraints on the origin of the banded-iron-formation-hosted gold deposits at Maevatanana,central Madagascar     

Prosper Andrianjakavah  Stefano Salvi  Didier Béziat  Damien Guillaume  Michel Rakotondrazafy  Bernard Moine 《Mineralium Deposita》2007,42(4):385-398

The Maevatanana deposits consist of gold-bearing quartz–sulphide veins crosscutting banded iron formation (BIF) within a metamorphosed 2.5 Ga greenstone belt. The host rocks are dominated by a sequence of migmatites, gneisses, amphibolites, magnetite-rich quartzites and soapstones, intruded by large granitoid batholiths (e.g. the 0.8 Ga Beanana granodiorite). In the mineralised rocks, pyrite is the dominant sulphide, in addition to accessory chalcopyrite and galena. Outside the immediate ore zone, the BIF is dominated by quartz + magnetite ± hematite, accompanied by cummingtonite, albite and biotite. Gold occurs as globular grains (usually <500 μm) within quartz crystals close to the sulphides and as invisible inclusions within pyrite and chalcopyrite (up to 2,500 ppm Au content). Fluid inclusion textural and microthermometric studies indicate heterogeneous trapping of a low-salinity (∼3.6 wt.% eq. NaCl) aqueous fluid coexisting with a carbonic fluid. Evidence for fluid-phase immiscibility during ore formation includes variable L/V ratios in the inclusions and the fact that inclusions containing different phase proportions occur in the same area, growth zone, or plane. Laser Raman spectroscopy confirms that the vapour phase in these inclusions is dominated by CO₂ but shows that it may contain small amounts of CH₄ (<1 mol%), H₂S (<0.05 mol%) and traces of N₂. Fluid inclusion trapping conditions ranged from 220 to 380°C and averaged 250°C. Pressure was on the order of 1–2 kbar. The abundant CO₂ and low salinity of the inclusions suggest a metamorphic origin for the fluid. Likewise, the presence of H₂S in the fluid and pyritisation of the wall-rock indicate that gold was likely transported by sulphide complexing. Fluid immiscibility was probably triggered by the pressure released by fracturing of the quartzites during fault movements due to competence differences with the softer greenstones. Fracturing greatly enhanced fluid circulation through the BIF, allowing reaction of the sulphide-bearing fluids with the iron oxides. This caused pyrite deposition and concomitant Au precipitation, enhanced by fluid phase separation as H₂S partitioned preferentially into the carbonic phase.  相似文献   

High resolution simulation of recent Arctic and Antarctic stratospheric chemical ozone loss compared to observations     

Om Prakash Tripathi  Sophie Godin-Beekmann  Franck Lefèvre  Marion Marchand  Andrea Pazmiño  Alain Hauchecorne  Florence Goutail  Hans Schlager  C. Michael Volk  B. Johnson  G. König-Langlo  Stefano Balestri  Fred Stroh  T. P. Bui  H. J. Jost  T. Deshler  Peter von der Gathen 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2006,55(3):205-226

Simulations of polar ozone losses were performed using the three-dimensional high-resolution (1^∘ × 1^∘) chemical transport model MIMOSA-CHIM. Three Arctic winters 1999–2000, 2001–2002, 2002–2003 and three Antarctic winters 2001, 2002, and 2003 were considered for the study. The cumulative ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2002–2003 reached around 35% at 475 K inside the vortex, as compared to more than 60% in 1999–2000. During 1999–2000, denitrification induces a maximum of about 23% extra ozone loss at 475 K as compared to 17% in 2002–2003. Unlike these two colder Arctic winters, the 2001–2002 Arctic was warmer and did not experience much ozone loss. Sensitivity tests showed that the chosen resolution of 1^∘ × 1^∘ provides a better evaluation of ozone loss at the edge of the polar vortex in high solar zenith angle conditions. The simulation results for ozone, ClO, HNO₃, N₂O, and NO _y for winters 1999–2000 and 2002–2003 were compared with measurements on board ER-2 and Geophysica aircraft respectively. Sensitivity tests showed that increasing heating rates calculated by the model by 50% and doubling the PSC (Polar Stratospheric Clouds) particle density (from 5 × 10⁻³ to 10⁻² cm⁻³) refines the agreement with in situ ozone, N₂O and NO _y levels. In this configuration, simulated ClO levels are increased and are in better agreement with observations in January but are overestimated by about 20% in March. The use of the Burkholder et al. (1990) Cl₂O₂ absorption cross-sections slightly increases further ClO levels especially in high solar zenith angle conditions. Comparisons of the modelled ozone values with ozonesonde measurement in the Antarctic winter 2003 and with Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III (POAM III) measurements in the Antarctic winters 2001 and 2002, shows that the simulations underestimate the ozone loss rate at the end of the ozone destruction period. A slightly better agreement is obtained with the use of Burkholder et al. (1990) Cl₂O₂ absorption cross-sections.  相似文献   

Diversity of Epiphytic Lichens and Hg Contents of Xanthoria parietina Thalli as Monitors of Geothermal Air Pollution in the Mt. Amiata Area (Central Italy)     

Stefano Loppi  Luca Paoli  Carlo Gaggi 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2006,53(2):93-105

The diversity of epiphytic lichens and mercury concentrations in lichen samples were measured to monitor the release of airborne pollutants from the industrial exploitation of geothermal resources in the Mt. Amiata area (Italy). The lichen biodiversity showed a general condition of moderate environmental alteration around the geothermal power plants, contrasting with the low environmental alteration of the remaining sites investigated. According to the accumulated Hg in lichen thalli, it was possible to estimate mean Hg and H₂S concentrations in the air, which resulted in very good agreement with values measured instrumentally. Based on these data and the correlation between lichen diversity values and Hg concentrations in lichens, it was possible to calculate the threshold of 8 μg/m³ H₂S as responsible for the worsening from low to moderate environmental alteration according to the biodiversity of epiphytic lichens, and to infer that around geothermal power plants, although not toxic to humans, H₂S concentrations are such to alter the nasal quality of the air. Based on the growth rate of X. parietina, it was possible to convert Hg concentrations into estimates of average Hg deposition rates, which showed fluxes of the order of 65–100 mg/ha/y, indicating a dispersions factor of about 10⁴ for the Hg emitted from the geothermal power plants.  相似文献   

Effects of column axial force – bending moment interaction on inelastic seismic response of steel frames     

Marina Como  Mario De Stefano  Roberto Ramasco 《地震工程与结构动力学》2003,32(12):1833-1852

It is well known that axial force – bending moment interaction (N–M interaction) affects to a large extent the cyclic inelastic behaviour of structural elements, especially columns in framed structures, with reduction in bending capacity and loss of available ductility. A few studies have also shown that significant inelastic axial shortening affects the response of column elements subjected to medium–high levels of axial loads and cyclic bending. This paper is primarily aimed at evaluating the effects of column N–M interaction on the inelastic seismic response of steel frames. By considering the contemporaneous action of vertical loads, due to gravity, and of horizontal seismic excitation, it is shown that the progressive axial shortening of adjacent columns may differ substantially, thus inducing significant relative settlements at the ends of the connecting beams and, then, remarkable amplifications in beam plastic rotations. An evaluation of additional beam plastic rotations induced by column N–M interaction is carried out for real structures by investigating the inelastic response of steel frames designed according to European standards under horizontal and vertical earthquake excitations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Geological and geomorphological evolution of the Etna volcano NE flank and relationships between lava flow invasions and erosional processes in the Alcantara Valley (Italy)     

Stefano Branca   《Geomorphology》2003,53(3-4):247-261

In this paper, the interrelationships between volcanic activity and fluvial events in the Alcantara Valley are investigated. Based on the correlation between the stratigraphy of the NE flank of Mt Etna and subsurface data, the geological and geomorphological evolutions of the valley are reconstructed. New 1:10 000 scale geological mapping shows that the bulk of this sector of the volcano is made up of the Ellittico volcano lava flows, though they are widely covered by the products of the eruptive activity of the last 15 ka. The present-day morphological setting of the Alcantara Valley is the result of two main evolutionary phases initiated during the activity of the Ellittico volcano. Only one lava flow invasion of the valley floor occurred in the first phase. This phenomenon was followed by a long period of erosional processes leading to the entrenchment of the drainage pattern and the erosion of the Ellittico lava flow. About 20–25 ka ago, an important change in the frequency of the lava flow invasions into the valley occurred associated with the final stage of the Ellittico volcano activity marking the beginning of the second phase. During this phase, volcanic processes became predominant with respect to other morphogenetic processes in the Alcantara Valley. Lava flows coming from the NE flank of the Ellittico volcano caused a radical modification of the morphological setting of this area, even though only one lava flow emitted by an eruptive fissure located within the valley partially filled the riverbed. During the eruptive activity of the last 15 ka, the complete filling of the Alcantara Valley floor occurred. In particular, between 15 and 7 ka, a lava flow originated from the Mt Moio scoria cone filled the valley floor for a distance of about 9 km. Following a short period of erosion, an eruptive fissure located within the valley generated a 20–21-km-long lava flow that was channelled along the full extent of the Alcantara Valley and stretches for about 3 km offshore in the Ionian sea. In the last 7 ka, lava flows originating from the NE-Rift zone produced only temporary damming of the riverbed without any important contribution to the filling of the Alcantara Valley.  相似文献   

Single-force point-source static fields: an exact solution for two elastic half-spaces   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Stefano Tinti  & Alberto Armigliato 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,135(2):607-626

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Observations of Atmospheric Solitary Waves in the Urban Boundary Layer     

M. P. Rao  Paolo Castracane  Stefano Casadio  Daniele Fuá  Giorgio Fiocco 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,111(1):85-108

The simultaneous operation of a three-axis Doppler sodar system in the centralurban area of Rome and two similar systems in the suburban area, forming atriangle about 20 km on each side, provided evidence of solitary-type wavesin the urban boundary layer. Three events, each lasting from a few minutes toabout 30 min, and ranging in depth from the minimum range of the sodar (39 m) to over 500 m, are reported here. Two events were recognizable onall three sodar records while the third event could be observed at the urbanlocation only. Time-height acoustic echo intensity records showed no-echoregions within the wave indicating transport of trapped recirculating air.This is typical of large amplitude solitary waves. The time series plots ofsodar-derived vertical wind velocity revealed a maximum peak-to-peakvariation of about 5 m s^-1 during periods of wave-associated disturbance.The vertical velocity is found to increase with height up to the top of the closedcirculation within the wave and decreases further above. The normalisedamplitude-wavelength relationship for the two events indicates that theobserved waves are close to a strongly nonlinear regime.  相似文献   

Seismic Source Classification by Means of a Sonogram- Correlation Approach: Application to Data of the RSM Seismic Network (Central Italy)     

S. Parolai  L. Trojani  M. Frapiccini  G. Monachesi 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2002,159(11-12):2763-2788

—?In this paper, we apply a new sonogram correlation approach for seismic source classification. In order to test the technique, we use the waveforms recorded by 6 among 16 of the stations of the Rete Sismometrica Marchigiana (RSM) network, relevant to the vertical component of 365 earthquakes that occurred in the analyzed area from April 1996 until September 1999. All the sonograms of each station are cross-correlated in a single station procedure and the calculated degrees of resemblance are used to classify the events by means of a bridging technique. The results obtained with the single-station approach are integrated into a network classification. We identified three families in the investigated area. Once the efficiency of the method is tested, we analyzed the families obtained for the selected subset of events. Considering the temporal and the spatial distribution of the events forming each family, we classified them as quarry blasts. This classification, even if relevant to a subset of earthquakes occurring in Central Italy, modifies the present knowledge of the seismicity distribution in the area and allows estimation of the errors affecting the hypocenter locations provided by the RSM network. An extension of this new technique to the whole Central Italy earthquake catalog promises an interesting review of the seismicity in the area.  相似文献