Isoprene and Its Oxidation Products Methyl Vinyl Ketone, Methacrolein, and Isoprene Related Peroxides Measured Online over the Tropical Rain Forest of Surinam in March 1998   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

C. Warneke  R. Holzinger  A. Hansel  A. Jordan  W. Lindinger  U. Pöschl  J. Williams  P. Hoor  H. Fischer  P. J. Crutzen  H. A. Scheeren  J. Lelieveld 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2001,38(2):167-185

Airborne measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOC) were performed overthe tropical rainforest in Surinam (0–12 km altitude,2°–7° N, 54°–58° W) using the proton transferreaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) technique, which allows online monitoringof compounds like isoprene, its oxidation products methyl vinyl ketone,methacrolein, tentatively identified hydroxy-isoprene-hydroperoxides, andseveral other organic compounds. Isoprene volume mixing ratios (VMR) variedfrom below the detection limit at the highest altitudes to about 7 nmol/molin the planetary boundary layer shortly before sunset. Correlations betweenisoprene and its product compounds were made for different times of day andaltitudes, with the isoprene-hydroperoxides showing the highest correlation.Model calculated mixing ratios of the isoprene oxidation products using adetailed hydrocarbon oxidation mechanism, as well as the intercomparisonmeasurement with air samples collected during the flights in canisters andlater analysed with a GC-FID, showed good agreement with the PTR-MSmeasurements, in particular at the higher mixing ratios.Low OH concentrations in the range of 1–3 × 10⁵molecules cm^-3 averaged over 24 hours were calculated due to lossof OH and HO₂ in the isoprene oxidation chain, thereby stronglyenhancing the lifetime of gases in the forest boundary layer.  相似文献   

Precise geoid determination over Sweden using the Stokes–Helmert method and improved topographic corrections     

H. Nahavandchi  L. E. Sjöberg 《Journal of Geodesy》2001,75(2-3):74-88

 Four different implementations of Stokes' formula are employed for the estimation of geoid heights over Sweden: the Vincent and Marsh (1974) model with the high-degree reference gravity field but no kernel modifications; modified Wong and Gore (1969) and Molodenskii et al. (1962) models, which use a high-degree reference gravity field and modification of Stokes' kernel; and a least-squares (LS) spectral weighting proposed by Sj?berg (1991). Classical topographic correction formulae are improved to consider long-wavelength contributions. The effect of a Bouguer shell is also included in the formulae, which is neglected in classical formulae due to planar approximation. The gravimetric geoid is compared with global positioning system (GPS)-levelling-derived geoid heights at 23 Swedish Permanent GPS Network SWEPOS stations distributed over Sweden. The LS method is in best agreement, with a 10.1-cm mean and ±5.5-cm standard deviation in the differences between gravimetric and GPS geoid heights. The gravimetric geoid was also fitted to the GPS-levelling-derived geoid using a four-parameter transformation model. The results after fitting also show the best consistency for the LS method, with the standard deviation of differences reduced to ±1.1 cm. For comparison, the NKG96 geoid yields a 17-cm mean and ±8-cm standard deviation of agreement with the same SWEPOS stations. After four-parameter fitting to the GPS stations, the standard deviation reduces to ±6.1 cm for the NKG96 geoid. It is concluded that the new corrections in this study improve the accuracy of the geoid. The final geoid heights range from 17.22 to 43.62 m with a mean value of 29.01 m. The standard errors of the computed geoid heights, through a simple error propagation of standard errors of mean anomalies, are also computed. They range from ±7.02 to ±13.05 cm. The global root-mean-square error of the LS model is the other estimation of the accuracy of the final geoid, and is computed to be ±28.6 cm. Received: 15 September 1999 / Accepted: 6 November 2000  相似文献   

Principles of Paleoclimatology, Thomas M. Cronin     

Jeannine‐Marie St‐Jacques 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2001,26(3):353-354

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The late-and post-Variscan tectonic evolution of the Western Border fault zone of the Bohemian massif (WBZ)     

A. Peterek  H. Rauche  B. Schröder  H.-J. Franzke  P. Bankwitz  E. Bankwitz 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1997,86(1):191-202

 Paleostress analysis and evaluation of the stratigraphic unconformities reveal an extremely polyphase development of one of the most prominent fault zones of Central Europe, usually known as the Franconian Line (FL). Because the FL is just one fault zone, although it is the most important fault zone within a complex fault system, a more appropriate term is used herein: Western Border fault zone of the Bohemian massif (WBZ). The reconstruction of the paleostress history was carried out by analysing sequences of individual strain increments that belong to the same stratigraphic “units” (e.g., late-Variscan granites, Tertiary basalts). A succession of at least 15 paleostress directions and tectonic regimes have been determined since late-Variscan time. Received: 7 July 1996 / Accepted: 24 October 1996  相似文献   

Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) in the Surface Ocean and the Atmospheric COS Budget     

V.S. Ulshöfer  M.O. Andreae 《Aquatic Geochemistry》1997,3(4):283-303

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) mixing ratioswere measured in the marine atmosphere and in airequilibrated with surface sea water during severalcruises in the North Sea and western NorthAtlantic. In April 1994, North Sea waters weresupersaturated with respect to the atmosphere,resulting in oceanic emissions of COS. Saturationratios varied between the equilibrium value of one inthe central North Sea and high values of >15 in theElbe Estuary. We observed weak diel cycles of surfacewater COS during a three day drift station. During theunderway parts of the cruise, diel COS variations weremasked by the high geographical variability of COSconcentrations in the German Bight. In August 1994, weobserved a pronounced diel cycle of COS off theFlorida coast with saturation ratios varying betweenthe equilibrium value of one in the early morning andmaximum values of four to five in the afternoon. InMarch 1995, we found COS supersaturation as well asextensive undersaturation in the western NorthAtlantic between Norfolk, VA, and Bermuda. Suchundersaturation in marine surface waters results inregional and seasonal uptake of atmospheric COS. Basedon our data and those of other researchers, weestimate the global oceanic COS net emission to bebetween 1.3 and 2.5 Gmol yr^-1. This estimate is significantly smaller than previous ones which had notconsidered the possibility of COS uptake by theoceans. COS hydrolysis in the ocean has a significantinfluence on the atmospheric turnover time of COS,which we estimate to be 5.7 yr. This may contribute tothe lack of an observable increase in atmospheric COSlevels despite substantial anthropogenic emissions. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Origin of tourmaline and oxide minerals from the metamorphosed Rampura Agucha Zn-Pb-(Ag) deposit, Rajasthan, India     

Dr. W. Höller  S. M. Gandhi 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1997,60(1-2):99-119

Summary The sediment-hosted exhalative Rampura Agucha Zn-Pb-(Ag) deposit in Rajasthan, India, contains a number of oxide minerals which have been formed as a result of high-grade metamorphism. Gahnite (Zn_0.66–0.75Fe_0.13–0.24Mg_0.06–0.13Al_1.98–2.01O₄) is a common minor phase in the ores and formed from breakdown of sphalerite and Al-rich silicates. Pyrophanite-ilmenite solid solution (Fe_0.42–0.68Mn_0.32–0.58Ti_0.99–1.01O₃) is very rare and occurs, intergrown with rutile, as a result of unmixing of a Ti-Fe-Mn bearing precursor mineral.Dravite-rich tourmaline with Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios around 0.02 occurs at the hanging wall contact of the orebody with the paragneisses and is intergrown with the ore minerals. Tourmaline from the stratabound ores is distinguished from schorl-rich tourmaline of two pegmatite samples which show Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios of 0.43 and 0.62, respectively. It is argued that dravite-rich tourmaline (or another B-rich precursor mineral) is of premetamorphic origin. This dravite-rich tourmaline recrystallized during high-grade metamorphism when the metamorphic fluid, represented by H₂O-CO₂±CH₄-N₂ inclusions, was trapped.Amphiboles, muscovites and biotites from metamorphic rocks of the deposit display radiometric³⁹Ar/⁴⁰Ar cooling ages between 788 and 909 Ma.

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Dravit-reicher Turmalin und Oxide der metamorphen Zn-Pb-(Ag) Lagerstätte Rampura Agucha, Rajasthan, Indien

Zusammenfassung Die sedimentär-exhalative Zn-Pb-(Ag) Lagerstätte Rampura Agucha in Rajasthan, Indien, beinhaltet eine Reihe von Oxidmineralen, die infolge der hochgradigen Regional-metamorphose gebildet wurden. Gahnit (Zn_0.66–0.75Fe_0.13–0.24 Mg_0.06–0.13Al_1.98–2.01O₄) ist eine häufig anzutreffende Phase, die sich aus Sphalerit und Al-reichen Silikatphasen gebildet hat. Pyrophanit-Ilmenit (Fe_0.42–0.68Mn_0.32–0.58 T_0.99–1.01O₃) ist sehr selten und bildet, aufgrund der Entmischung eines Ti-Fe-Mn hältigen Vorläuferminerals, Verwachsungen mit Rutil.Dravit-reicher Turmalin mit einem Fe/(Fe+Mg) Verhältnis um 0.02 bildete sich gleichzeitig mit den Sulfidmineralen am Kontakt des Erzkörpers mit den hangenden Paragneisen der Lagerstätte. Dieser Turmalin unterscheidet sich klar von Schörlreichem Turmalin mit Fe/(Fe+Mg) Verhältnissen von 0.43 und 0.62 von zwei Pegmatiten. Die Herkunft dieses prämetamorphen Dravit-reichen Turmalins (oder dessen Vorgängerminerals) ist unklar. Dieser Turmalin rekristallisierte während der Metamorphose, wobei er das metamorphe H₂O-CO₂±CH₄-N₂-Fluid in Form von primären Einschlüssen einschloß.Amphibol, Muskowit und Biotit wurden mittels³⁹Ar/⁴⁰Ar-Methode datiert und liefern radiometrische Abkühlungsalter zwischen 788 und 909 Ma.

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With 8 Figures  相似文献   

Comment on the paper by S. Kielbassa and H., Duddeck: Stress — Strain fields at the tunnelling face — Three-dimensional analysis for two-dimensional technical approach     

Dr. R. Pöttler 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1992,25(3):215-219

Rock Mech. Rock Engng. 24 (3), 115–132, 1991.  相似文献   

Åland GPS levelling campaign in 1987     

Lars E. Sjöberg 《Journal of Geodesy》1991,65(4):209-217

In October 1987 a four day satellite GPS campaign was performed over the Åland archipelago to test the possibility of connecting the Swedish and Finnish national height systems. This paper summarizes the gained experiences using 5 WM 101 GPS receivers and the PoPS software.The computing results for the connection between the two height systems are considerably dependent on the choice of geoidal undulation model and systematic error parameter model. Using the NKG Scandinavian geoid 1989, which is probably the most accurate geoid available for the region, and a bias and tilt parameter model the difference between the Swedish RH70 system and the Finnish N60 system is estimated to 11.4 ± 4.0 cm. An independent check is provided by two connecting border bench marks in northern Scandinavia yielding the difference 19.2 ± 4.2 cm. In view of that merely single frequency GPS receivers were used together with the PoPS software, we consider this result most satisfactory.  相似文献   

A well-preserved Cambrian impact exposed in Central Sweden     

Maurits Lindström  Johan Ekvall  Stefan E. Hagenfeldt  Brigitta Säwe  Erik F. F. Sturkell 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1991,80(1):201-204

The Lockne impact crater south of Östersund formed in the early Middle Cambrian with a diameter of 7 km. It is identified by its rim wall of crushed Precambrian basement granite, by fragments of impact melt, and by grains of shocked quartz. The exceptional preservation, in particular of the rim wall, is due to a complicated geological history, the first stage of which consisted of burial by marine sediments. This stage lasted until the Middle Ordovician, or over 50 million years. An early Caradoc lowering of the sea-level may have induced debris flows that stripped the rim wall of much of its sedimentary cover. Because normal marine sedimentation recommenced soon after this event, the structure was not seriously damaged, as it was buried again. The Caledonian orogeny emplaced an overthrust nappe as ultimate protection, which was removed by a recent erosion episode from all but the center of the structure.Structures formed by the impact of extraterrestrial bodies are very rare throughout much of Europe, because such structures are neither well preserved nor displayed in young mountain belts or sedimentary basins. However, northern Europe has several ascertained structures of this kind (Svensson &Wickman, 1965;Svensson, 1968;Bruun &Dahlman, 1982;Kala et al., 1984;Flodén et al., 1986;Wickman, 1988). Unfortunately, the hitherto known structures are either poorly preserved or hidden by younger deposits. We are reporting the discovery of a well-preserved exposed and accessible impact structure that has escaped the notice of geologists although important features of it have been described and puzzled over by generations of researchers (Wiman, 1900;Hadding, 1927;Thorslund, 1940;Lindström et al., 1983).The structure is located in the Lockne area to the south of Östersund in central Sweden. It has a diameter of 7 km and its center is near Tramsta on the northwest shore of Lake Locknesjön (Fig. 1). Its middle is covered by folded Lower to Middle Ordovician Orthoceratite Limestone with the sheared Lower Ordovician Töyen Shale at its base. This local expanse of deformed rock is the remainder after erosion of an extensive nappe of overthrust rocks emplaced during the Caledonian orogeny. The good preservation of the impact structure is due to the nappe cover, which had to be removed before erosion could attack the underlying structures.The rim of the impact crater is outlined by a wall of strongly shattered fragments of Proterozoic crystalline rocks (Fig. 2), which formed the local bedrock (Strömberg et al., 1984) at the time of impact. The rim wall is best preserved along the western part of the structure. It was referred to as »arkose-like breccia« byThorslund (1940), who interpreted it as the result of continental weathering, but the components rather show evidence of intense crushing than of weathering (Simon, 1987a). The »arkose-like breccia« does not contain components derived from the lower Palaeozoic deposits of the area.  相似文献   

Hydrodynamics of Lake Lugano     

G. Salvadè  K. Stocker  J. Trösch  F. Zamboni 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1992,54(3-4):187-204

The hydrodynamic processes in the Lake of Lugano (Lago di Lugano) have been the object of three major measuring campaigns. The first during summer 1979 in the North Basin, the second in the autumn of 1984 in the South Basin and the last in 1989 again in the North Basin. It is expected that analysis of the collected data in conjunction with theoretical concepts will yield conclusive findings on the driving forces and hydrodynamics of the lake. Numerical models have been applied to the lake and the results have been compared to the measurements. Some models calculate the periods and distributions of amplitude, as well as surface velocities and internal seiches. Other models calculate wind-induced water circulation. Evidence is given to the peculiarities of the North Basin and the difficulties related with the depth-width ratio and with its deep chemical stratification.  相似文献