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71.
Impact of river network type on the time of concentration 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Time of concentration (T c) is one of the frequently used parameters to characterize the response of a drainage basin to a rainfall event. Conceptually, it is the time runoff travels from the hydraulically most distant location in a basin to its outlet. T c was found to vary depending on river basin characteristics such as slope, soil infiltration, and flow path. In this study, we investigate if the drainage network type information can be used as an input to hydrological models, by estimating the time of concentration separately for different network types. Sixty-eight basins which have areas ranging from 24 to 965 km2 in arid and non-arid regions of the USA are compared and the effect of climate is also analyzed. It is found that the slope of the linear relationship between T c and the maximum hydraulic length of flow path shows different correlation coefficients ranging from 0.80 to 0.98 for different network types. It is observed that the slope of the regression line between T c and the maximum hydraulic length of flow path is the lowest for dendritic networks (slope of 0.26), while pinnate networks have the steepest slope of the regression line (slope of 0.59). This indicates that the drainage network type has a direct impact on the hydrological behavior of the basin and can represent a direct input in hydrological modeling. 相似文献
72.
CGCM3 predictors used for daily temperature and precipitation downscaling in Southern Québec, Canada
Dae Il Jeong André St-Hilaire Taha B. M. J. Ouarda Philippe Gachon 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,107(3-4):389-406
This study provides some guidance on the choice of predictor variables from both reanalysis products and the third version of the Canadian Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM3) outputs for regression-based statistical downscaling models (SDMs) for climate change application in southern Québec (Canada). Twenty CGCM3 grid points and four surface observation sites in the study area were employed. Twenty-five deseasonalized predictors and four deseasonalized predictands (daily maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation occurrence and wet day precipitation amount) were used to investigate correlation coefficients among predictors and to evaluate their predictive ability when used in a multiple linear regression (MLR) downscaling model. The basic statistical characteristics of vorticity at 1,000-, 850- and 500-hPa levels, U-component of velocity at 1,000-hPa level, temperature at 2?m (T 2) and wind direction at 1,000- and 500-hPa level of CGCM3 showed a larger difference with those of the NCEP reanalysis data. Therefore, those seven variables require high caution to be included as predictors in statistical downscaling models. Specific humidity at 1,000-, 850- and 500-hPa levels, geopotential height at 850- and 500-hPa levels and T 2 were the most sensitive predictors for future climate conditions (i.e. A1B and A2 emission scenarios). Specific humidity and geopotential height at different levels and T 2 were important explainable predictors for the daily temperatures. Mean sea level pressure, specific humidity, U and V components and divergence showed potential as predictors for daily precipitation. Spatial explained variance of MLRs between predictors of every different CGCM3 grid points and the four predictands showed large values at the CGCM3 grid points located near the observation sites, whereas relatively small values were shown at the CGCM3 grid points located more than 400?km from the sites. The explained variance of the downscaled predictands by predictors of three or four CGCM3 grid points located near the observation site produced 2–5% larger R-squares than those by predictors of the nearest grid point. The results illustrated that the use of predictors from more than one AOGCM grid points located near the observation site can increase the skill of the MLR downscaling models. 相似文献
73.
Yahia E.-A. Mohamedzein Mohammed Y. Al-Aghbari Ramzi A. Taha 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(6):1767-1780
This paper presents experimental results on the use of incinerator ash in stabilizing desert sands for possible use in geotechnical
engineering applications. The incinerator ash was added in percentages of 2, 4, 8, 10 and 12%, by dry weight of sand. Laboratory
tests such as compaction, unconfined compression, shear box and hydraulic conductivity were performed to measure the engineering
characteristics of the stabilized material. The results showed substantial improvements in unconfined compressive strength
and shear strength parameters (c and φ). Thus, incinerator ash can be used to improve the shear strength characteristics of desert sands. The permeability of the
sand–incinerator ash mixture was relatively low. 相似文献
74.
Mathieu Ribatet Eric Sauquet Jean-Michel Grésillon Taha B. M. J. Ouarda 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2007,21(4):327-339
Flood frequency analysis is usually based on the fitting of an extreme value distribution to the local streamflow series.
However, when the local data series is short, frequency analysis results become unreliable. Regional frequency analysis is
a convenient way to reduce the estimation uncertainty. In this work, we propose a regional Bayesian model for short record
length sites. This model is less restrictive than the index flood model while preserving the formalism of “homogeneous regions”.
The performance of the proposed model is assessed on a set of gauging stations in France. The accuracy of quantile estimates
as a function of the degree of homogeneity of the pooling group is also analysed. The results indicate that the regional Bayesian
model outperforms the index flood model and local estimators. Furthermore, it seems that working with relatively large and
homogeneous regions may lead to more accurate results than working with smaller and highly homogeneous regions. 相似文献
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Recent seismic events have raised concerns over the safety and vulnerability of reinforced concrete moment resisting frame “RC-MRF” buildings. The seismic response of such buildings is greatly dependent on the computational tools used and the inherent assumptions in the modelling process. Thus, it is essential to investigate the sensitivity of the response demands to the corresponding modelling assumption. Many parameters and assumptions are justified to generate effective structural finite element (FE) models of buildings to simulate lateral behaviour and evaluate seismic design demands. As such, the present study focuses on the development of reliable FE models with various levels of refinement. The effects of the FE modelling assumptions on the seismic response demands on the design of buildings are investigated. the predictive ability of a FE model is tied to the accuracy of numerical analysis; a numerical analysis is performed for a series of symmetric buildings in active seismic zones. The results of the seismic response demands are presented in a comparative format to confirm drift and strength limits requirements. A proposed model is formulated based on a simplified modeling approach, where the most refined model is used to calibrate the simplified model. 相似文献
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Nahla S. El-Shenawy Tarak I. S. Moawad Mahmoud E. Mohallal Ismail M. Abdel-Nabi Inas A. Taha 《Ocean Science Journal》2009,44(1):27-34
Clam Ruditapes decussates was used as a biomonitoring organism to measure the potential impact of pollution. The present study investigated histological alterations of R. decussates following a long-term exposure to a sublethal-level of pesticides Reldan and Roundup. The clams were taken to the laboratory and kept for days to adjust to a continuous closed flow system with quality water control. After the adjustment period, clams were exposed either to sublethal concentrations of Reldan (0.6 μl L?1) or Roundup (1.1 μl L?1) for 90 days. Clams were taken to determine the histological damage at 30, 60 and 90 days. Most histological alterations were highly localized in the glandular cells of the gills, mantle tissues and digestive gland; secretions of glandular cells were found to be increased by increasing the time of exposure. Histopathological results showed the activation of resistance mechanisms that allowed the clams to survive under sublethal stresses. Thus, histological changes on localized tissues were sensitive and they have positive correlation to the time of exposure to the pesticides, suggesting that they may serve as biomarkers for Reldan and Roundup exposures. 相似文献