An assessment of independent component analysis for detection of military targets from hyperspectral images     

K.C. Tiwari  M.K. Arora  D. Singh 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2011

Hyperspectral data acquired over hundreds of narrow contiguous wavelength bands are extremely suitable for target detection due to their high spectral resolution. Though spectral response of every material is expected to be unique, but in practice, it exhibits variations, which is known as spectral variability. Most target detection algorithms depend on spectral modelling using a priori available target spectra In practice, target spectra is, however, seldom available a priori. Independent component analysis (ICA) is a new evolving technique that aims at finding out components which are statistically independent or as independent as possible. The technique therefore has the potential of being used for target detection applications. A assessment of target detection from hyperspectral images using ICA and other algorithms based on spectral modelling may be of immense interest, since ICA does not require a priori target information. The aim of this paper is, thus, to assess the potential of ICA based algorithm vis a vis other prevailing algorithms for military target detection. Four spectral matching algorithms namely Orthogonal Subspace Projection (OSP), Constrained Energy Minimisation (CEM), Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Spectral Correlation Mapper (SCM), and four anomaly detection algorithms namely OSP anomaly detector (OSPAD), Reed–Xiaoli anomaly detector (RXD), Uniform Target Detector (UTD) and a combination of Reed–Xiaoli anomaly detector and Uniform Target Detector (RXD–UTD) were considered. The experiments were conducted using a set of synthetic and AVIRIS hyperspectral images containing aircrafts as military targets. A comparison of true positive and false positive rates of target detections obtained from ICA and other algorithms plotted on a receiver operating curves (ROC) space indicates the superior performance of the ICA over other algorithms.  相似文献   

Inclusion of earthquake strong ground motion in a geographic information system-based landslide susceptibility zonation in Garhwal Himalayas     

Naveen Pareek  Mukat L. Sharma  Manoj K. Arora  Shilpa Pal 《Natural Hazards》2013,65(1):739-765

Garhwal Himalayas are seismically very active and simultaneously suffering from landslide hazards. Landslides are one of the most frequent natural hazards in Himalayas causing damages worth more than one billion US$ and around 200 deaths every year. Thus, it is of paramount importance to identify the landslide causative factors to study them carefully and rank them as per their influence on the occurrence of landslides. The difference image of GIS-derived landslide susceptibility zonation maps prepared for pre- and post-Chamoli earthquake shows the effect of seismic shaking on the occurrence of landslides in the Garhwal Himalaya. An attempt has been made to incorporate seismic shaking parameters in terms of peak ground acceleration with other static landslide causative factors to produce landslide susceptibility zonation map in geographic information system environment. In this paper, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis has been carried out to calculate peak ground acceleration values at different time periods for estimating seismic shaking conditions in the study area. Further, these values are used as one of the causative factors of landslides in the study area and it is observed that it refines the preparation of landslide susceptibility zonation map in seismically active areas like Garhwal Himalayas.  相似文献   

Vegetation effects on soil moisture estimation from ERS-2 SAR images     

S. Said  M.K. Arora 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(3):517-534

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GIS‐based route planning in landslide‐prone areas     

A. K. Saha  M. K. Arora  M. L. Virdi  E. Csaplovics 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(10):1149-1175

Many parts of the world with young mountain chains, such as the Himalayas, are highly susceptible to landslides. Due to general ruggedness and steep slopes, roads provide the only way of transportation and connectivity in such terrains. Generally, landslide hazards are overlooked during route planning. In this study, in a test area in the Himalayas, various thematic layers, viz. landslide distribution, landslide hazard zonation, landuse/landcover, drainage order and lithology are generated and integrated using Remote Sensing–GIS techniques. The integrated data layer in raster form has been called a ‘thematic cost map’ and provides an estimate of the cost of route development and maintenance. The relative cost assignment is based on experts' knowledge. Route planning is based on neighbourhood analysis to find various movement possibilities from a pixel to its immediate neighbours. A number of patterns such as those analogous to movements in chess games have been considered. Two new neighbourhood patterns, named here Knight31 and Knight32, have been conceived in addition to commonly used Rook, Bishop and Knight patterns. The neighbourhood movement cost for moving from one pixel to a connected neighbour has been calculated for a 7×7 pixel window considering distance, gradient cost and thematic cost. Dijkstra's algorithm has been applied to compute the least‐cost route between source and destination points. A few examples are presented to show the utility of this approach for a landslide‐safe automatic route planning for a highly rugged hilly terrain.  相似文献   

Geomagnetic Variation Anomalies In Peninsular India     

N. K. Thaku  M. V. Mahashabde  B. R. Arora  B. P. Singh  B. J. Srivastava  S. N. Prasad 《Geophysical Journal International》1986,86(3):839-854

Summary. Geomagnetic substorms recorded by an array of magnetometers over peninsular India have been analysed to investigate the subsurface electric configuration of the area. the study considered only night-time events when the external inducing field is uniform over the Indian peninsula and the conventional interpretational techniques of geomagnetic deep sounding can be readily applied. Contour maps of Fourier transform amplitudes and phases along with real and quadrature Parkinson arrows are presented. Their features reveal a complex anomaly pattern. the observed anomalies can be classified into: (i) southern peninsular anomalies, (ii) Palk Strait anomalies, (iii) Pondicherry rift anomalies, and (iv) anomalies in the central region. A large-scale induction process seems to be disturbed by localized perturbations. the prominent anomaly observed over the southern tip seems to have a direct relevance to the tectonic setting of the Indian ocean and adjoining areas.  相似文献   

Tropospheric vorticity responses to the solar magnetic sector structure and geomagnetic disturbances     

A. D. Padgaonkar  B. R. Arora 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1981,119(5):893-900

The responses of the Vorticity Area Index (VAI) at 500 mb to large geomagnetic disturbances and to magnetic sector boundary crossings are evaluated for the periods 1947–57 and 1963–74, during which time the geomagnetic response to sector structure were known to be distinctly different. Results indicate that the nature of the VAI response to geomagnetic disturbances is markedly similar between the two subsets. The response does not vanish even when only those geomagnetic disturbances not related to sector boundary passage are used in the analysis, which suggests that enhanced geomagnetic activity can independently influence the lower atmosphere. Unlike the geomagnetic disturbance-related effects the sector-related effects have varied with time in a very complex manner. In view of this it is concluded that geomagnetic disturbances, whose effects have shown pronounced consistency, may prove a better solar signal in future sun-weather studies.  相似文献   

Early Precambrian stratigraphy of central and southern Rajasthan,India — a comment     

K.K. Basu  Y.K. Arora 《Precambrian Research》1976,3(2):197-202

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A GCM-based assessment of the global moisture budget and the role of land-surface moisture reservoirs in processing precipitation     

V. Arora  G. Boer 《Climate Dynamics》2002,20(1):13-29

The performance of the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) when coupled to the CCCma third generation general circulation model is evaluated in an AMIP II simulation. Our primary aim is to understand how CLASS processes moisture and to compare model estimates of moisture budget components with observations. The modelled mean annual precipitation and runoff, and their latitudinal structures, compare well with observations although some discrepancies remain in the simulation of regional values of these quantities. The amplitude and phase of the first harmonic of the precipitation annual cycle also compares well with observations although less well over regions of sparse precipitation and/or high topography. In the model, the canopy plays a major role in processing moisture at the land surface indicating the importance of vegetation in climate. The canopy intercepts a large fraction of the precipitation and provides the medium for returning much moisture back to the atmosphere as evapotranspiration. Though important locally, the snow moisture reservoir plays a relatively minor role in the global moisture budget. It acts primarily as a storage and delay mechanism with winter precipitation released to the ground reservoir on melting. The ground moisture reservoir also plays a major role and processes a similar amount of moisture as the canopy, although in a different manner. The globally averaged model runoff compares well with observation-based estimates, although the model partitioning into surface runoff and drainage does not agree particularly well with the single available observation-based estimate. How moisture is processed at the land surface serves as a basis for model intercomparison and for understanding the modelled moisture budget and its variation and changes with climate change. Only the most basic quantities (precipitation, runoff, and partitioning of runoff into surface runoff and drainage) may be compared with observation-based estimates, however, and the establishment of more complete moisture budget remains an important need.  相似文献   

Anomalous geomagnetic variations and possible causative structures along foothills of Himachal Pradesh-Kumaun-Himalaya     

M. V. Mahashabde  S. Y. Waghmare  B. R. Arora 《Journal of Earth System Science》1989,98(4):319-326

This paper presents the results of a magnetometer array study covering Kangra region to supplement information already available on the nature of geoelectrical structure at the foothills of Himachal Pradesh-Kumaun-Himalaya. The observed induction pattern across the Himalayan frontal fault is found to be the expression of a psuedo-geomagnetic coast effect associated with the edge of sheet current flowing in the sediments of the IndoGangetic Plains. An additional conductive sheet that is required beneath the frontal folded belt may represent increased hydration of certain sedimentary layers.  相似文献   

Effects of Chronic Exposure to Sublethal Doses of Two Pesticides on Alkaline and Acid Phosphatase Activities in the Intestine of a Fresh Water Teleost,Channa striatus BL. (Channidae)     

N. Arora  S. K. Kulshrestha 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1985,13(5):619-624

The effects of chronic exposures to sublethal concentration of two pesticides Carbaryl and Endosulfan on alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in the intestine of a fresh water teleost Channa striatus have been observed by exposing the fish for a period of two to thirty days to 10 ppm and 20 ppm of Carbaryl and 0.00075 and 0.001 ppm of Endosulfan. The inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity has been dependent on the duration of exposure, concentration and the type of pesticide used. The acid phosphatase activity increased with the duration of exposure in higher concentration of Carbaryl and both the concentrations of Endosulfan. Endosulfan produced more pronounced effects than Carbaryl.  相似文献