Safeguarding coastal coral communities on the central Great Barrier Reef (Australia) against climate change: realizable local and global actions     

Scott Andrew Wooldridge  Terence J. Done  Colette R. Thomas  Iain I. Gordon  Paul A. Marshall  Roger N. Jones 《Climatic change》2012,112(3-4):945-961

The threats of wide-scale coral bleaching and reef demise associated with anthropogenic (global) climate change are widely known. Less well considered is the contributing role of conditions local to the reef, in particular reef water quality, in co-determining the physiological tolerance of corals to increasing sea temperatures and declining pH. Here, the modelled benefit of reduced exposure to dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in terrestrial runoff, which raises the thermal tolerance of coastal coral communities on the central Great Barrier Reef (Australia), is considered alongside alternative future warming scenarios. The simulations highlight that an 80% reduction in DIN ‘buys’ an additional ~50–60?years of reef-building capacity for No Mitigation (‘business-as-usual’) bleaching projections. Moreover, the integrated management benefits provided by: (i) local reductions of ~50% in DIN contained in river loads, and (ii) global stabilisation of atmospheric CO₂ below 450?ppm can help ensure the persistence of hard-coral-dominated reefscapes beyond 2100. The simulations reinforce the message that beyond the global imperative to mitigate future atmospheric CO₂ emissions there still remains the need for effective local management actions that enhance the resistance and resilience of coral reef communities to the impacts of climate change.  相似文献   

Excess pore pressure in Mississippi delta front sediments: Initial report     

Terence J. Hirst  Adrian F. Richards 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(4):337-344

Abstract

In September 1975, a differential piezometer probe was successfully implanted in the soft seafloor sediments of Block 28, South Pass, Mississippi Delta. The probe sensor is located approximately 6.4 m below the mudline in a water depth of 19 m, and has essentially continuously monitored excess pore pressure (the difference between sediment pore pressure and hydrostatic pressure at that depth) since installation. Excess pore pressure will be monitored until March 1976, when the probe will be recovered.

Immediately after deployment, an excess pore pressure of 54 kPa was recorded. An ambient excess pore pressure of approximately 32 kPa remained after dissipation of that developed during probe installation. Because of the possible presence of gas in the sediments in this area, it is not known with certainty whether the measured excess pressure is pore water pressure, pore gas pressure, or some combination of the two. An excess pore pressure of about 32 ±4 kPa was monitored during Hurricane Eloise and subsequent storms. The exact magnitude and time distribution of these pressure fluctuations is presently being evaluated.  相似文献   

Book review     

Terence J. Hirst 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(4):371-373

Ocean Floor Mining by John S. Pearson. Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1975. 201 pp., $24.00.

Offshore Drilling Technology by Frank R. Carmichael. Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1975. 392 pp., $36.00.  相似文献   

Book review     

Terence J. Hirst  George H. Keller 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(2):157-161

Jane's Ocean Technology 1974–75 by Robert L. Trillo (Editor). Jane's Yearbooks, London, England (in North America, Franklin Watts, Inc., New York), 1974. 344 pp. £12.50 ($55.00).

The Ocean Basins and Margins—Volume 2: The North Atlantic by A. E. M. Nairn and F. G. Stehli (Editors). Plenum Publishing, New York, 1974. 598 pp. $38.00.  相似文献   

Genes and glacial history: a letter to the editor     

Terence J. Hughes 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1980,9(2):149-149

  相似文献   

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

G. Terence Meaden  S. Kochev  L. Kolendowicz  A. Kosa-Kiss  Izolda Marcinoniene  Michalis Sioutas  Heino Tooming  John Tyrrell 《Atmospheric Research》2007,83(2-4):446-449

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.  相似文献   

Shear strength of soils containing amorphous clay-size materials in a slow-moving landslide     

Yongshan Wan  James Kwong 《Engineering Geology》2002,65(4):293-303

The shear behavior of soils rich in amorphous clay-size materials was not well reported in the literature. This study analyzed the direct shear and ring shear test data of soil samples containing 55–74% amorphous materials in the clay fraction from a slow-moving landslide in eastern Honolulu, HI. The direct shear test results showed that the undisturbed soil samples when not sheared internally had peak cohesion (c) of about 50 kPa and internal friction angle (Ø) of about 10°. This implies that the amorphous clay-size materials provided strong interparticle bonds for the soils. Breaking of the bonds during the softening process and redistribution of the amorphous clay-size materials were primarily responsible for the drop from the peak strength to the residual strength (c=0, Ø=10° from back calculation with SLOPE/W and c=0, Ø=5–7° from the ring shear test). The drained residual failure envelope is stress dependent due to the interaction of the gel-like amorphous clay-size materials with crystalline silt- and sand-sized particles. The amorphous clay-size materials act as the contact between crystalline particles. The contact increases with increasing consolidation stress, resulting in a decrease in the shear strength and the residual friction angle.  相似文献   

Some geophysical aspects of deep-sea drilling     

Thomas A. Davies  N. Terence Edgar 《Surveys in Geophysics》1974,1(4):391-407

More than 300 locations covering all the major ocean basins of the world, except the Arctic, have now been explored by deep-sea drilling. Results from deep-sea drilling permit the accurate calibration of seismic reflection profiles but at the same time emphasize the need for caution in interpreting the stratigraphic significance of such records. Basement ages determined from core samples are in close agreement with ages predicted by the concept of sea floor spreading, demonstrating both the validity of that concept and the validity of the paleomagnetic time scale. There also appears to be a demonstrable relationship between the age of the sea floor and its present depth. at many locations permits the documentation of changes in ocean currents, surface and bottom water temperatures, climate, and water depth.  相似文献   

The Spey Bay geomorphological study     

Keith J. Riddell  Terence W. Fuller 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1995,20(7):671-686

The Spey Bay coastline and the estuary of the River Spey exhibit a rapidly evolving planform. They provide an opportunity to study geomorphological changes in a coupled coastal/estuarine system which can be measured over hours and days rather than the years and decades associated with more slowly evolving landscape features. Attempting to understand coastal and estuarine geomorphology provides engineers and earth scientists with an exciting intellectual challenge. This is not, however, simply an academic challenge because the successful management of coastal and estuarine environments depends on improving this understanding. The impetus behind our work in this area is the protection of land-use interests. It is in this context that Babtie Dobbie Limited have been employed in studying the River Spey since 1962. This paper is based on a practical case study performed for coastal and river engineering purposes between 1990 and 1992. The case study was formulated using the results and conclusions of earlier geomorphological studies of the area undertaken over the past 32 years. Knowledge gained from previous studies was crucial in designing the detailed methods and techniques employed in the 1990–1992 geomorphological study. Methods used included historical analyses, photogrammetry, numerical modelling, geographic information systems (GIS) and interpretation of the complex processes which drive landform changes in the estuary and along the adjacent shoreline. The improved understanding of geomorphological processes that has been achieved has enabled engineers to formulate a new management strategy. Central to this strategy are engineering solutions to river and coastal stability and flooding problems which are in sympathy with the environment and which take maximum advantage of our understanding of geomorphological processes.  相似文献   

Northward migration of permafrost along the Mackenzie highway and climatic warming   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Y. T. John Kwong  T. Y. Gan 《Climatic change》1994,26(4):399-419

Based on two field surveys of permafrost distribution, conducted 26 years apart, along the Mackenzie Highway south of Great Slave Lake, Canada, the southern limit of the sporadic discontinuous permafrost zone in the region has migrated northward by about 120 km. To substantiate that the disappearance of perennial frozen ground is largely caused by climatic warming, a detailed trend analysis of monthly air temperature records from nine weather stations was performed using the non-parametric Kendall's test. The results show that the region experienced a general warming trend for the period 1949–1989 and warming is more prominent in the minimum than the maximum temperature series. From estimates of the magnitude of warming trends on a monthly basis, the resultant increase in mean annual air temperature could readily lead to the observed northward migration of permafrost.  相似文献