Integration of LiDAR data for the assessment of activity in diachronic landslides: a case study in the Betic Cordillera (Spain)   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

J. A. Palenzuela  J. D. Jiménez-Perálvarez  R. El Hamdouni  P. Alameda-Hernández  J. Chacón  C. Irigaray 《Landslides》2016,13(4):629-642

In the procedures to minimize diachronic landslides, data on their temporal evolution and destructive capacities are necessary. For that purpose, remote-detection techniques proved to be highly useful for quantifying the ongoing change in the relief, as well as in comparisons between digital terrain models achieved by Light Detection and Ranging. The methodology presented in this paper includes the supervised merging and comparison of sequential scans, acquired within nearly annual intervals from an irregular terrain, which improves the quality of the results highlighting ground changes. This approach is based on the processing of digital terrain models from point clouds acquired by Terrestrial Laser Scanning to quantify and interpret the landslide displacements. In parallel, it is supported by Global Navigation Satellite Systems, the use of artificial targets and a refined data processing to minimize the uncertainty and improve the precision of the results. This is applied to a large translational slide affecting phyllite rocks in a IV-V degree of weathering settled on the southern slope of Sierra Nevada (south-eastern Spain). During the monitoring period (2008–2010), the slide remained inactive until 2009, followed by a reactivation with displacements in the range ?1.80 to 1.20 m along the period 2009–2010, where negative values are downwards from the reference model (2009). The accumulated relative standard deviation between data sets was on the order of 7.5 cm, whereas the threshold to determine a terrain displacement (also avoiding changes due to erosion-accumulation processes) was of 10 cm. When applying this methodology to Airborne Laser Scanning datasets for the years 2008 and 2010, covering zones hidden to the line of sight of the terrestrial technique, a reactivation with similar deformation pattern was found useful to validate the findings, although the detail of changes and quantitative results did not match exactly due to the different accuracy and resolution of both techniques. The reactivation of the slide coincided with a period of intense rains, pointing to this as the triggering factor, with a precipitation threshold of roughly 1000 mm in a period of 4 months, only reached on one occasion throughout in the historical record.  相似文献   

A discrete element model to link the microseismic energies recorded in caprock to geomechanics   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Cyrus Khazaei  Jim Hazzard  Rick Chalaturnyk 《Acta Geotechnica》2016,11(6):1351-1367

A discrete element model is presented to study slip-induced microseismic events along weak planes and crack-induced microseismic events within the intact rock for a representative elementary volume, REV, in the caprock of Weyburn reservoir. Also, the effect of varying factors such as orientation, coefficient of friction and elasticity of the weak plane on release of microseismic energies is studied. According to the results, for the conditions studied in this paper, the magnitudes of slip-induced events range from ~?1 to ?6, while crack-induced events range from ~?7 to ?11. Considering the capability of geophones, this suggests that events “recorded” in the caprock are more likely to have slip origins along weak planes than having crack origins within the intact rock. In order to show the applicability of the model in practice, the events recorded in the caprock of Weyburn from September to November of 2010 are analyzed. Also, a simple model is presented that correlates the amount of consumed energy per volume of the REV with the seismic energy released due to stick–slips along a weak plane. The results show that weak planes can be emissive even long before the failure of their surrounding is reached, and therefore, there can be a level of tolerance for the observed microseismic events in the caprock.  相似文献   

KARSYS hydrogeological 3D modeling of alpine karst aquifers developed in geologically complex areas: Picos de Europa National Park (Spain)     

Daniel Ballesteros  Arnauld Malard  Pierre-Yves Jeannin  Montserrat Jiménez-Sánchez  Joaquín García-Sansegundo  Mónica Meléndez-Asensio  Gemma Sendra 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2015,74(12):7699-7714

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Age and tectonic evolution of the northwest corner of the West Philippine Basin     

Wen-Bin Doo  Shu-Kun Hsu  Yi-Ching Yeh  Ching-Hui Tsai  Ching-Ming Chang 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2015,36(2-3):113-125

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Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement and the costs of delayed action     

Matthew Winning  James Price  Paul Ekins  Steve Pye  James Glynn  Jim Watson 《Climate Policy》2019,19(8):947-958

Current country-level commitments under the Paris Agreement fall short of putting the world on a required trajectory to stay below a 2°C temperature increase compared to pre-industrial levels by the end of the century. Therefore, the timing of increased ambition is hugely important and as such this paper analyses the impact of both the short and long-term goals of the Paris Agreement on global emissions and economic growth. Using the hybrid TIAM-UCL-MSA model we consider the achievement of a 2°C target against a baseline of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) while also considering the timing of increased ambition of the NDCs by 2030 and the impacts of cost reductions of key low-carbon technologies. We find that the rate of emissions reduction ambition required between 2030 and 2050 is almost double when the NDCs are achieved but not ratcheted up until 2030, and leads to lower levels of economic growth throughout the rest of the century. However, if action is taken immediately and is accompanied by increasingly rapid low-carbon technology cost reductions, then there is almost no difference in GDP compared to the path suggested by the current NDC commitments.

Key policy insights

• Delaying the additional action needed to achieve the 2°C target until 2030 is shown to require twice the rate of emissions reductions between 2030 and 2050.

• Total cumulative GDP over the century is lower when additional action is delayed to 2030 and therefore has an overall negative impact on the economy, even without including climate change damages.

• Increased ratcheting of the NDC commitments should therefore be undertaken sooner rather than later, starting in conjunction with the 2023 Global Stocktake.

• Early action combined with cost reductions in key renewable energy technologies can reduce GDP losses to minimal levels (<1%).

• A 2°C future with technological advancements is clearly possible for a similar cost as a 3.3°C world without these advances, but with lower damages and losses from climate change.

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The gamma-ray blazar quest: new optical spectra,state of art and future perspectives     

F. Massaro  N. Álvarez Crespo  R. D’Abrusco  M. Landoni  N. Masetti  F. Ricci  D. Milisavljevic  A. Paggi  V. Chavushyan  E. Jiménez-Bailón  V. Patiño-Álvarez  J. Strader  L. Chomiuk  F. La Franca  Howard A. Smith  G. Tosti 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2016,361(10):337

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Modeling of Landslides in Valles Marineris,Mars, and Implications for Initiation Mechanism     

Meaza Tsige  Javier Ruiz  Ian A. del Río  Alberto Jiménez-Díaz 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2016,118(1):15-26

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Removal of dissolved selenium by siderite,pyrite, and sphalerite: Implications to selenium sequestration in water-saturated,anoxic coal waste rock     

Sean G. Deen  M. Jim Hendry  S. Lee Barbour  Soumya Das  Joseph Essilfie-Dughan 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2022,82(1):125863

The mechanisms of abiotic sequestration of Se(VI) and Se(IV) on a sample of coal waste rock collected from the Elk Valley, Canada and on three pure mineral species (i.e., siderite, pyrite, and sphalerite) present in coal waste rock were assessed using sterile batch testing under water-saturated, anoxic conditions. Only siderite removed measurable Se(VI) from the test solutions with ~90% removal after 100 d attributed to initial adsorption to the siderite surface as Se(VI) and subsequent reduction to Se(IV) and Se(0). In contrast to Se(VI), all samples removed Se(IV) from the aqueous solutions. The rate of Se(IV) removal was pyrite > siderite > waste rock > sphalerite. The waste rock sample removed Se(IV) from solution in two stages: up to ~40% of the aqueous Se(IV) was rapidly removed (by day 1) followed by slower removal of Se(IV) with up to ~97% removal after 99 d. Se(IV) removal is attributed to the adsorption of Se(IV) and subsequent reduction to Se(0) onto the siderite and pyrite phases of the waste rock. The initial (1 d) removal of Se(IV) by waste rock was characterized using a distribution coefficient (K_d) of 15.5 L/kg. Longer-term Se(IV) removal was fitted with zero and first order removal rates. The removal of Se(IV) by sphalerite was minor and deemed to have a minimal effect on Se sequestration in the waste rock. Desorption tests on waste rock showed that the fraction of sequestered Se susceptible to desorption decreased with time as adsorbed Se(IV) was reduced to insoluble Se(0). These findings show that abiotic Se sequestration can occur in saturated, anoxic zones in coal waste rock dumps.  相似文献   

Multirate time integration for coupled saturated/unsaturated porous medium and free flow systems     

Iryna Rybak  Jim Magiera  Rainer Helmig  Christian Rohde 《Computational Geosciences》2015,19(2):299-309

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Lessons from China: building technological capabilities for low carbon technology transfer and development     

Jim Watson  Rob Byrne  David Ockwell  Michele Stua 《Climatic change》2015,131(3):387-399

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