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Torben Mikkelsen Hans E. Jørgensen Morten Nielsen Søren Ott 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,105(3):483-505
Concentration fluctuation data from surface-layer released smokeplumes have been investigated with the purpose of finding suitable scaling parametersfor the corresponding two-particle, relative diffusion process.Dispersion properties have been measured at downwind ranges between 0.1 and 1 km from a continuous, neutrally buoyant ground level source. A combinationof SF6 and chemical smoke (aerosols) was used as tracer. Instantaneous crosswind concentration profiles of high temporal (up to 55 Hz) and spatialresolution (down to 0.375 m) were obtained from aerosol-backscatter Lidar detectionin combination with simultaneous gas chromatograph (SF6) reference measurements. The database includes detailed crosswind concentration fluctuation measurements. Each experiment, typically of 1/2-hour duration, containsplume mean and variance concentration profiles, intermittency profiles andexceedence and duration statistics. The diffusion experiments were accompanied by detailed in-situ micrometeorological mean and turbulence measurements. In this paper, a new distance-neighbour function for surface-released smoke plumes is proposed, accompanied by experimental evidence in its support. The new distance-neighbour function is found to scale with the surface-layer friction velocity,and not with the inertial subrange dissipation rate, over the range of distance-neighbour separations considered. 相似文献
24.
Integrity of Clay Till Aquitards to DNAPL Migration: Assessment Using Current and Emerging Characterization Tools 下载免费PDF全文
Annika S. Fjordbøge Gry S. Janniche Torben H. Jørgensen Bernt Grosen Gary Wealthall Anders G. Christensen Henriette Kerrn‐Jespersen Mette M. Broholm 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2017,37(3):45-61
Field investigations were carried out to determine the occurrence of tetrachloroethene (PCE) dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL), the source zone architecture and the aquitard integrity at a 30‐ to 50‐year old DNAPL release site. The DNAPL source zone is located in the clay till unit overlying a limestone aquifer. The DNAPL source zone architecture was investigated through a multiple‐lines‐of‐evidence approach using various characterization tools; the most favorable combination of tools for the DNAPL characterization was geophysical investigations, membrane interface probe, core subsampling with quantification of chlorinated solvents, hydrophobic dye test with Sudan IV, and Flexible Liner Underground Technologies (FLUTe) NAPL liners with activated carbon felt (FACT). While the occurrence of DNAPL was best determined by quantification of chlorinated solvents in soil samples supported by the hydrophobic dye tests (Sudan IV and NAPL FLUTe), the conceptual understanding of source zone architecture was greatly assisted by the indirect continuous characterization tools. Although mobile or high residual DNAPL (S t > 1%) only occurred in 11% of the source zone samples (intact cores), they comprised 86% of the total PCE mass. The dataset, and associated data analysis, supported vertical migration of DNAPL through fractures in the upper part of the clay till, horizontal migration along high permeability features around the redox boundary in the clay till, and to some extent vertical migration through the fractures in the reduced part of the clay till aquitard to the underlying limestone aquifer. The aquitard integrity to DNAPL migration was found to be compromised at a thickness of reduced clay till of less than 2 m. 相似文献
25.
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) export to a temperate estuary: seasonal variations and implications of land use 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Colin A. Stedmon Stiig Markager Morten Søndergaard Torben Vang Anker Laubel Niels Henrik Borch Anders Windelin 《Estuaries and Coasts》2006,29(3):388-400
Inputs of dissolved carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were assessed for an estuary and its catchment (Horsens, Denmark). Seasonal
patterns in the concentrations of DOM in the freshwater supply to the estuary differed depending on the soil and drainage
characteristics of the area. In streams draining more natural areas the, patterns observed were largely driven by seasonal
temperature fluctuations. The material exported from agricultural areas was more variable and largely controlled by precipitation
events. Positive exponential relationships were found between the nitrogen and phosphorus loading, and the percentage of catchment
area used for agriculture. Colored DOM (CDOM) loading measurements were found to be a good predictor of dissolved organic
carbon (DOC) loading across the different subcatchments, offering a rapid and inexpensive alternative of operationally monitoring
DOC export. For all the dissolved nutrient inputs to the estuary, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved organic
phosphorus dominated the loadings. Although 81% of the nitrogen annually supplied to the estuary was DIN, 83% of the nitrogen
exported from the estuary was dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Results show that increasing the area of the catchment covered
by forest and natural pastures would have a positive effect on the trophic status of the estuary, leading to a considerable
decrease in the phosphorus loading and a shift in the nitrogen loading from DIN to DON. Such a change in land use would also
increase the export of DOC and CDOM to the estuary having the potential to increase oxygen consumption and reduce the photic
depth. 相似文献
26.
Inhabited by humans for over 12,000 calendar years, California's Channel Islands contain thousands of archaeological sites, ranging from dense shell middens and villages to small lithic scatters and camps. Similar to many islands around the world, the Channel Islands have a dearth of burrowing animals and limited historical development leading to generally good preservation of archaeological constituents and relatively high stratigraphic integrity. Despite these favorable preservation conditions, numerous natural and cultural processes have impacted the island's archaeological record. Channel Islands archaeologists, however, have given relatively limited attention to the effects of taphonomic and formation processes. The authors provide an overview of taphonomic and formation processes affecting Channel Islands archaeology, illustrating the importance of regional taphonomic syntheses in the management, preservation, and interpretation of archaeological sites. These data also demonstrate the significance of detailing formation processes in islands and other areas where burrowing rodents and other disturbances are thought to be absent or limited. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
27.
Single-frequency single-site VTEC retrieval using the NeQuick2 ray tracer for obliquity factor determination 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
A single-frequency single-site GPS/Galileo algorithm for retrieval of absolute total electron content is implemented. A single-layer approximation of the ionosphere is used for data modeling. In addition to a standard mapping function, the NeQuick model (version 2) of the ionosphere is now applied to derive improved mapping functions. This model is very attractive for this purpose, because it implements a ray tracer. We compare the new algorithm with the old one using an effective global height of the ionosphere of 450 km. Combined IGS IONEX gridded data sets serve as reference data. On global average, we find a small improvement of 1 % in precision (standard deviation) of the NeQuick2 mapping method versus the conventional approach on global average. A site-by-site comparison indicates an improvement in the precision for 34 % of the 44 sites under investigation. The level of improvement for these stations is 0.5 TECU on average. No improvement was observed for 41 % of the sites. Further comparisons of the single (code ranges and carrier phases) versus dual-frequency (carrier phases only) single site algorithm show that dual-frequency VTEC estimation is more accurate for the majority of the stations, but only in the range of 0.3 TECU (2.6 %) in average. 相似文献
28.
Torben Koenigk Laurent Brodeau Rune Grand Graversen Johannes Karlsson Gunilla Svensson Michael Tjernström Ulrika Willén Klaus Wyser 《Climate Dynamics》2013,40(11-12):2719-2743
The Arctic climate change is analyzed in an ensemble of future projection simulations performed with the global coupled climate model EC-Earth2.3. EC-Earth simulates the twentieth century Arctic climate relatively well but the Arctic is about 2 K too cold and the sea ice thickness and extent are overestimated. In the twenty-first century, the results show a continuation and strengthening of the Arctic trends observed over the recent decades, which leads to a dramatically changed Arctic climate, especially in the high emission scenario RCP8.5. The annually averaged Arctic mean near-surface temperature increases by 12 K in RCP8.5, with largest warming in the Barents Sea region. The warming is most pronounced in winter and autumn and in the lower atmosphere. The Arctic winter temperature inversion is reduced in all scenarios and disappears in RCP8.5. The Arctic becomes ice free in September in all RCP8.5 simulations after a rapid reduction event without recovery around year 2060. Taking into account the overestimation of ice in the twentieth century, our model results indicate a likely ice-free Arctic in September around 2040. Sea ice reductions are most pronounced in the Barents Sea in all RCPs, which lead to the most dramatic changes in this region. Here, surface heat fluxes are strongly enhanced and the cloudiness is substantially decreased. The meridional heat flux into the Arctic is reduced in the atmosphere but increases in the ocean. This oceanic increase is dominated by an enhanced heat flux into the Barents Sea, which strongly contributes to the large sea ice reduction and surface-air warming in this region. Increased precipitation and river runoff lead to more freshwater input into the Arctic Ocean. However, most of the additional freshwater is stored in the Arctic Ocean while the total Arctic freshwater export only slightly increases. 相似文献
29.
FIRST RESULTS FROM VIRGO,THE EXPERIMENT FOR HELIOSEISMOLOGY AND SOLAR IRRADIANCE MONITORING ON SOHO 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fröhlich Claus Andersen Bo N. Appourchaux Thierry Berthomieu Gabrielle Crommelynck Dominique A. Domingo Vicente Fichot Alain Finsterle Wolfgang Gómez Maria F. Gough Douglas Jiménez Antonio Leifsen Torben Lombaerts Marc Pap Judit M. Provost Janine Roca Cortés Teodoro Romero José Roth Hansjörg Sekii Takashi Telljohann Udo Toutain Thierry Wehrli Christoph 《Solar physics》1997,170(1):1-25
First results from the VIRGO experiment (Variability of solar IRradiance and Gravity Oscillations) on the ESA/NASA Mission SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) are reported. The observations started mid-January 1996 for the radiometers and sunphotometers and near the end of March for the luminosity oscillation imager. The performance of all the instruments is very good, and the time series of the first 4–6 months are evaluated in terms of solar irradiance variability, solar background noise characteristics and p-mode oscillations. The solar irradiance is modulated by the passage of active regions across the disk, but not all of the modulation is straightforwardly explained in terms of sunspot flux blocking and facular enhancement. Helioseismic inversions of the observed p-mode frequencies are more-or-less in agreement with the latest standard solar models. The comparison of VIRGO results with earlier ones shows evidence that magnetic activity plays a significant role in the dynamics of the oscillations beyond its modulation of the resonant frequencies. Moreover, by comparing the amplitudes of different components ofp -mode multiplets, each of which are influenced differently by spatial inhomogeneity, we have found that activity enhances excitation. 相似文献
30.
Torben C. Rick Leslie A. Reeder‐Myers C. Jane Cox Stephanie T. Sperling Alex Jansen Anson H. Hines 《Geoarchaeology》2014,29(5):371-388
North America's Atlantic Coast has been a focus of human settlement and subsistence for millennia, but sea‐level rise, sedimentation, and other processes pose significant challenges for archaeological research. Radiocarbon dating of 31 shell middens near the Rhode River Estuary, Maryland provides an opportunity to evaluate human land use, settlement, and cultural chronologies on the Chesapeake Bay. Sixty calibrated radiocarbon dates on eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) shell and charcoal demonstrate that Native Americans, colonial, and historic peoples harvested oysters and other shellfish from at least 3200 years ago through the 19th century. The number of dated sites increases during the Late Woodland period after about 1000 cal yr B.P., a factor probably related to greater site visibility and preservation, as well as increased human exploitation of the watershed. Accumulation rates for five of the shell middens provide preliminary indications that some of the sites accumulated rapidly suggesting, along with other evidence, that many of the region's shell middens were logistical or perhaps seasonal camps. Our study demonstrates the importance of regional watershed surveys and radiocarbon dating programs to help build and refine cultural chronologies in coastal regions threatened by sea‐level rise and other processes. 相似文献