Building damage characteristics based on surveyed data and fragility curves of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

Anawat Suppasri  Erick Mas  Ingrid Charvet  Rashmin Gunasekera  Kentaro Imai  Yo Fukutani  Yoshi Abe  Fumihiko Imamura 《Natural Hazards》2013,66(2):319-341

A large amount of buildings was damaged or destroyed by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami. Numerous field surveys were conducted in order to collect the tsunami inundation extents and building damage data in the affected areas. Therefore, this event provides us with one of the most complete data set among tsunami events in history. In this study, fragility functions are derived using data provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation of Japan, with more than 250,000 structures surveyed. The set of data has details on damage level, structural material, number of stories per building and location (town). This information is crucial to the understanding of the causes of building damage, as differences in structural characteristics and building location can be taken into account in the damage probability analysis. Using least squares regression, different sets of fragility curves are derived to demonstrate the influence of structural material, number of stories and coastal topography on building damage levels. The results show a better resistant performance of reinforced concrete and steel buildings over wood or masonry buildings. Also, buildings taller than two stories were confirmed to be much stronger than the buildings of one or two stories. The damage characteristic due to the coastal topography based on limited number of data in town locations is also shortly discussed here. At the same tsunami inundation depth, buildings along the Sanriku ria coast were much greater damaged than buildings from the plain coast in Sendai. The difference in damage states can be explained by the faster flow velocities in the ria coast at the same inundation depth. These findings are key to support better future building damage assessments, land use management and disaster planning.  相似文献   

Modeling the potential distribution of shallow-seated landslides using the weights of evidence method and a logistic regression model： a case study of the Sabae Area, Japan   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Ru-Hua SONG  Daimaru HIROMU  Abe KAZUTOKI  Kurokawa USIO  Matsuura SUMIO 《国际泥沙研究》2008,23(2):106-118

A number of statistical methods are typically used to effectively predict potential landslide distributions. In this study two multivariate statistical analysis methods were used （weights of evidence and logistic regression） to predict the potential distribution of shallow-seated landslides in the Kamikawachi area of Sabae City, Fukui Prefecture, Japan. First, the dependent variable （shallow-seated landslides） was divided into presence and absence, and the independent variables （environmental factors such as slope and altitude） were categorized according to their characteristics. Then, using the weights of evidence （WE） method, the weights of pairs comprising presence （w^＋（i）） or absence （w^-（i））, and the contrast values for each category of independent variable （evidence）, were calculated, Using the method that integrated the weights of evidence method and a logistic regression model, score values were calculated for each category of independent variable. Based on these contrast values, three models were selected to sum the score values of every gird in the study area. According to a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis （ROC）, model 2 yielded the best fit for predicting the potential distribution of shallow-seated landslide hazards, with 89% correctness and a 54.5% hit ratio when the occurrence probability （OP） of landslides was 70%. The model was tested using data from an area close to the study region, and showed 94% correctness and a hit ratio of 45.7% when the OP of landslides was 70%. Finally, the potential distribution of shallow-seated landslides, based on the OP, was mapped using a geographical information system.  相似文献   

时域反射仪在监测青藏高原活动层水分变化过程中的应用   总被引：27，自引：13，他引：14  

王绍令  杨梅学  小池俊雄  赵林 《冰川冻土》2000,22(1):78-84

时域反射仪（ＴＤＲ）是一种利用电磁脉冲方法,根据电磁波在土层中的传播速度测试不同土层 的介电常数,接介电常数值可获不同土类在冻融状态下的未冻水含量和总体积含水量．ＴＤＲ仪可在 野外环境下无破损地测得融土和冻土的液态水含量,尤其是能测出不同负温下冻土中未冻水的变 化．该仪器最适用于测量均质细颗粒土的体积含水量,经与烘干称重法对比,ＴＤＲ仪应用在青藏高 原上不同融土类所测含水量值的误差范围：粉土和细砂为±２．５％,粘土和亚粘土为±３．０％,砂砾石 土和碎石土为±５％．经过反复的野外实践证明,用 ＴＤＲ仪测上层含水量具有简便、快速及稳定等 优点,是值得推广的方法．根据青藏公路沿线８个场地埋置的ＴＤＲ仪和地温仪所获的一个年周期的 水、热资料（１９９７．８～１９９８．７）,分析了高原活动层在冻融过程中温度场和水分场的耦合所导致的水分迁移及水分场重分布的规律  相似文献   

Test of the extrapolation method for the numerical integration of the Keplerian motion     

Toshio Fukushima 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1988,45(1-3):73-76

Two extrapolation methods (Gragg's method and GBS method) were tested for the numerical integration of the Keplerian motion. The tests cleared that the Gragg's method is better for the orbit computation and is 1) easy to control, 2) highly accurate, 3) tough, 4) economic, and 5) very flexible against the close encounter.  相似文献   

Climate control on Venus: Comparison of the carbonate and pyrite models     

George L. Hashimoto  Yutaka Abe 《Planetary and Space Science》2005,53(8):839-848

We review two models describing the Venus climate system: the carbonate and pyrite models. It has been argued carbonate and pyrite are potentially important minerals controlling the climate of Venus, though existence of either minerals has not been confirmed. Although it used to be proposed that carbonation reaction might explain the Venus’ atmospheric CO₂ abundance, it is unlikely Venus’ surface is reactive enough to control the Venus’ massive CO₂ atmosphere. Venus’ surface carbonate is also able to affect the climate through the reaction with atmospheric SO₂ to form anhydrite. Under the carbonate model the climate state is not in equilibrium and would be unstable due to the reaction between carbonate and SO₂. On the other hand, pyrite-magnetite reaction is proposed to explain the Venus’ atmospheric SO₂ abundance. Under pyrite-magnetite reaction, however, the climate would be stabilized such that the existing climate state is maintained over a geological timescale, while some observational facts such as atmospheric abundance of SO₂ and surface temperature could also be reasonably explained.  相似文献   

Possible observational evidence for the θ⁻² angular distribution of the opening half-angle of gamma-ray burst jets     

Daisuke Yonetoku  Ryo Yamazaki  Takashi Nakamura  Toshio Murakami 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,362(3):1114-1118

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Effect of temperature on the methyl chloride production rate in a marine phytoplankton, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaeodactylum tricornutum</Emphasis>     

Minami?Abe  Takahiro?Nagai  Michiko?Kurihara  Shinya?HashimotoEmail author 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2017,74(2):157-169

Methyl halides such as methyl chloride (CH₃Cl) are known to be important carriers of halogen from the ocean to the atmosphere, and the halogens they release into the stratosphere by photolysis catalyze ozone depletion. Marine phytoplankton have been reported as a source of CH₃Cl, but the effects of environmental temperature on the CH₃Cl production by phytoplankton have not been investigated. In this study, we investigated the effects of temperature on the production of CH₃Cl in the culture of a marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum CCMP 630, incubated at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C. CH₃Cl concentrations in cultured samples were determined using purge and trap gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry. Phytoplankton growth was monitored by measuring the chlorophyll a concentrations. CH₃Cl production was observed for several weeks at four different temperatures ranging from 10 to 25 °C. The CH₃Cl production from P. tricornutum was increased with increasing temperature from 10 to 25 °C, and the maximum production rate for CH₃Cl was 0.21~0.26 μmol (g chlorophyll a)^?1 d^?1 at 25 °C, which was several times higher than that at 10 °C (~0.03 μmol (g chlorophyll a)^?1 d^?1). The Arrhenius equation was successfully used to characterize the effects of temperature on the production rates of CH₃Cl in the culture of P. tricornutum. Our results suggest that water temperature directly affects CH₃Cl production derived from P. tricornutum and that water temperature would be a significant factor for estimating the emissions of CH₃Cl from marine environments.  相似文献   

Hydrothermal spinel,corundum and diaspore in lower oceanic crustal troctolites from the Hess Deep Rift     

Toshio Nozaka  Romain Meyer  Robert P. Wintsch  Bryan Wathen 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2016,171(6):53

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Ventilation revealed by the observation of dissolved oxygen concentration south of the Kuroshio Extension during 2012–2013     

Akira?NaganoEmail authorView author&#;s OrcID profile  Toshio?Suga  Yoshimi?Kawai  Masahide?Wakita  Kazuyuki?Uehara  Kyoko?Taniguchi 《Journal of Oceanography》2016,72(6):837-850

From the moored buoy observation at \(33.9^{\circ }\)N, \(144.9^{\circ }\)E south of the Kuroshio Extension (KE), we obtained Eulerian time series of dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) at 200, 400, and 600 m depths from June 2012 to March 2013. We observed ventilation by meso- and submesoscale processes that transport water southward across the KE jet. First, the cyclonic mesoscale eddy in June 2012 substantially depressed DO at depths of 400 and 600 m but maintained DO at 200 m, suggesting near-surface lateral transport of high-DO water derived from the north of the KE. Second, subduction of high-DO (>230 \({\upmu }\)mol kg\(^{-1}\)) water to a depth of 600 m was observed from early February to March 2013, associated with a mesoscale/submesoscale meandering of the KE jet. In mid-March 2013, shipboard hydrographic data were collected where the water mass at the mooring site would be advected by the eastward current on the southern flank of the KE. Based on these data, the subduction event was identified as an intrusion of an anomalously thick water mass from approximately 400–900 dbar. Ventilation of the subtropical mode water at a depth of 200 m around a subsurface DO maximum layer was detected as a rapid rise in DO in January 2013. This occurred after a significant seasonal decrease in DO at a rate of \(-0.130 \pm 0.007\) \({\upmu }\)mol kg\(^{-1}\) day\(^{-1}\) from July to December 2012.  相似文献   

Primary productivity at the time-series stations in the northwestern Pacific Ocean: is the subtropical station unproductive?     

Kazuhiko Matsumoto  Osamu Abe  Tetsuichi Fujiki  Chiho Sukigara  Yoshihisa Mino 《Journal of Oceanography》2016,72(3):359-371

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