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981.
Jasquelin Peña Owen W. Duckworth Garrison Sposito 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(23):5661-5671
That microbial siderophores may be mediators of Mn(III) biogeochemistry is suggested by recent studies showing that these well known Fe(III)-chelating ligands form very stable Mn(III) aqueous complexes. In this study, we examine the influence of desferrioxamine B (DFOB), a trihydroxamate siderophore, on the dissolution of hausmannite, a mixed valence Mn(II, III) oxide found in soils and freshwater sediments. Batch dissolution experiments were conducted both in the absence (pH 4-9) and in the presence of 100 μM DFOB (pH 5-9). In the absence of the ligand, there is a sharp decrease in the extent of proton-promoted dissolution above pH 5 and no appreciable dissolution above pH 8. The resulting aqueous Mn2+ activities were in good agreement with previous studies, indirectly supporting the accepted two-step mechanism involving the formation of manganite and reprecipitation of hausmannite. Desferrioxamine B enhanced hausmannite dissolution over the entire pH range investigated, both via the formation of a Mn(III) complex and through surface-catalyzed reductive dissolution. Above pH 8, non-reductive ligand-promoted dissolution dominated, whereas below pH 8, dissolution was non-stoichiometric with respect to DFOB. Concurrent proton-promoted, ligand-promoted, reductive, and induced dissolution was observed, with Mn release by either reductive or induced dissolution increasing linearly with decreasing pH. The fast kinetics of the DFOB-promoted dissolution of hausmannite, as compared to iron oxides, suggest that the siderophore-promoted dissolution of Mn(III)-bearing minerals may compete with the siderophore-promoted dissolution of Fe(III)-bearing minerals. 相似文献
982.
Milan Burša Steve Kenyon Jan Kouba Zdislav Šíma Viliam Vatrt Vojtěch Vítek Marie Vojtíšková 《Journal of Geodesy》2007,81(2):103-110
The TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) satellite alti- meter mission marked a new era in determining the geopotential constant W
0. On the basis of T/P data during 1993–2003 (cycles 11–414), long-term variations in W
0 have been investigated. The rounded value W
0 = 62636856.0 ± 0.5) m
2
s
−2 has already been adopted by the International Astronomical Union for the definition of the constant L
G
= W
0/c
2 = 6.969290134 × 10−10 (where c is the speed of light), which is required for the realization of the relativistic atomic time scale. The constant L
G
, based on the above value of W
0, is also included in the 2003 International Earth Rotation and Reference Frames Service conventions. It has also been suggested
that W
0 is used to specify a global vertical reference system (GVRS). W
0 ensures the consistency with the International Terrestrial Reference System, i.e. after adopting W
0, along with the geocentric gravitational constant (GM), the Earth’s rotational velocity (ω) and the second zonal geopotential
coefficient (J
2) as primary constants (parameters), then the ellipsoidal parameters (a,α) can be computed and adopted as derived parameters. The scale of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000 (ITRF2000)
has also been specified with the use of W
0 to be consistent with the geocentric coordinate time. As an example of using W
0 for a GVRS realization, the geopotential difference between the adopted W
0 and the geopotential at the Rimouski tide-gauge point, specifying the North American Vertical Datum 1988 (NAVD88), has been
estimated. 相似文献
983.
984.
985.
RE2Si2O7 is one of the final products of the chemical interaction of radioactive cation simulators and the silicates used in the engineered barrier of deep geological repositories. The aim of this paper is to study the chemical and structural behaviour of Lu2Si2O7 (Lu as actinide tripositive state simulator) in several different chemical systems. The conditions expected at the repositories are simulated in the laboratory with solutions of different compositions and pH. Both the solid products and remnant solutions were analyzed using techniques that give information on the short- and long-range structural order. The results show good stability of Lu2Si2O7, under the studied conditions, and, therefore, encapsulation of the radioactive actinide cations as a disilicate phase could be considered a viable method to ensure the long-term safety of the repositories. 相似文献
986.
Marie Lothon Fleur Couvreux Sylvie Donier Françoise Guichard Pierre Lacarrère Donald H. Lenschow Joël Noilhan Frédérique Saïd 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,124(3):425-447
During the Hydrological-Atmospheric Pilot Experiment (HAPEX)-Sahel, which took place in Niger in the transitional period between
the wet and dry seasons, two French aircraft probed the Sahelian boundary layer to measure sensible and latent heat fluxes.
The measurements over the Niamey area often revealed organised structures of a few km scale that were associated with both
thermals and dry intrusions. We study the impact of these coherent structures using a single day’s aircraft-measured fluxes
and a numerical simulation of that day with a mesoscale model. The numerical simulation at high horizontal resolution (250 m)
contains structures that evolve from streaks in the early morning to cells by noon. This simulation shows distribution, variance
and skewness similar to the observations. In particular, the numerical simulation shows dry intrusions that can penetrate
deeply into the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), and even reach the surface in some cases, which is in accordance with the
observed highly negatively skewed water vapour fluctuations. Dry intrusions and thermals organised at a few km scale give
skewed flux statistics and can introduce large errors in measured fluxes. We use the numerical simulation to: (i) evaluate
the contribution of the organised structures to the total flux, and (ii) estimate the impact of the organised structures on
the systematic and random errors resulting from the 1D sampling of the aircraft as opposed to the 2D numerical simulation
estimate. We find a significant contribution by the organised structures to the total resolved fluxes. When rolls occur, and
for a leg length of about 30 times the ABL depth, the 1D sampled flux is shown to be sometimes 20% lower than the corresponding
2D flux when the 1D sampling direction is the same as the main axis of the rolls, whereas the systematic error is much lower
when the direction of the leg is transverse to the rolls. In the case of cells, an underestimate of around 10% can still be
observed with the 1D approach independent of direction, due to poor sampling of the energy-containing scales. 相似文献
987.
A Matrix Approach Coupled with Monte Carlo Techniques for Solving the Net Radiative Balance of the Urban Block 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Marta J. N. Oliveira Panão Helder J. P. Gonçalves Paulo M. C. Ferrão 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,122(1):217-241
A new method is developed for solving the shortwave and longwave net radiative balance of a three-dimensional urban structure,
represented by parallelepiped blocks uniformly distributed in each direction. The method is based on a novel approach to determine
the shape factors among surfaces, which are estimated by Monte Carlo techniques due to the complex geometry associated with
the three-dimensional urban structure. Then, a set of linear equations is solved to quantify the radiative balance, in order
to obtain their exact solution, considering all the inter-reflections among surfaces. The comparison between the new and the
ray-tracing tracking methods resulted in a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.996. However, by integrating the linear equations’
exact solution with Monte Carlo techniques, the new method reduces by a factor of 36 the central processing unit (CPU) time
used to perform the calculations of the ray-tracing tracking method. The use of the model for a sensitivity study allows us
to verify the effective absorptance and emittance increases with the canyon aspect ratio of the urban layout. An urban structure
formed by square cross-sectional blocks absorbs more solar radiation than an urban structure formed by rectangular cross-sectional
blocks. The approximation of a specific geometry for an equivalent bi-dimensional infinite street can be applied for rectangular
cross-sectional blocks, where the width is 11 times or more greater than the depth dimension. 相似文献
988.
H. Evangelista J. Maldonado R. H. M. Godoi E. B. Pereira D. Koch K. Tanizaki-Fonseca R. Van Grieken M. Sampaio A. Setzer A. Alencar S. C. Gonçalves 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2007,56(3):225-238
The total extent of the atmospheric impacts associated to the aerosol black carbon (BC) emissions from South America is not
completed described. This work presents results of BC monitored during three scientific expeditions (2002, 2003 and 2004)
on board of a Brazilian oceanographic vessel Ary Rongel that covered the South–West Atlantic coast between 22–62°S. This latitudinal
band encloses major urban regions of South America and the outflow region of the SACZ (South Atlantic Convergent Zone), which
is an important mechanism of advective transport of heat, moisture, minor gases and aerosols from the South America continental
land to the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Our results showed that aerosol BC enhanced concentrations from urban/industrial origin
can be transported to the South–West Atlantic Ocean due to the migration of sub-polar fronts that frequently reach tropical/subtropical
regions. Despite the decrease of aerosol BC concentrations southwards (from ∼1,200 ng m−3 at latitude 22°S to ∼10 ng m−3 at latitude 62°S), several observed peak events were attributed to regional urban activities. Most of such events could be
explained by the use of air mass back trajectories analysis. In addition, a global model simulation is presented (Goddard
Institute for Space Studies – GISS GCM BC simulation) to explore the origins of aerosol BC in the South–West Atlantic. The
model allowed isolating the biomass emissions from South America and Africa and industrial (non-biomass) pollution from other
regions of the globe. This model suggests that the apportionment of about half of the aerosol BC at the South–West Atlantic
may derive from South American biomass burning. 相似文献
989.
Martín Crdenas-Soto Francisco J. Chvez-García 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2007,27(5):475-486
We analysed in detail three earthquakes recorded in a small-aperture accelerometric array in Mexico City, using the correlation of the records as a function of time along the accelerogram and frequency. Ground response is strongly conditioned by the fundamental period of the soft soils at the site of the array (T0). Energy at periods longer than 2T0 is guided by the crustal structure (with a thickness of 45 km). The wave field at periods between T0 and 2T0 also consists of surface waves but guided by the upper 2–3 km of volcanic sediments in central Mexico. For periods smaller than T0, ground motion is uncorrelated among the stations. Our results indicate that seismic response of Mexico City, including its very long duration, results from deeply guided surface waves (between 2 and 45 km depth) interacting with the very local response of the soft surficial clay layer. 相似文献
990.
In this paper, we studied the assemblage of Chironomidae from headwaters of Ñireco stream by recording drifting pupal exuviae caught in the debris close to the shore. Samples were collected in three stations along 18 km of the stream every 2 weeks during spring–summer months and monthly during autumn–winter over a year. A total of 15949 exuviae were collected and 55 taxa were identified. The most abundant taxa were Cricotopus spp. with highest numbers of exuviae recorded in each station over the study period. Subfamily Orthocladiinae was the most abundant taxa, followed by Chironominae and Podonominae. The emergence period in the stream occurred between December 1998 and March 1999. Most of the dominant and frequent species were univoltine. The emergence peaks at each sampling station occurred at the highest temperature of the water recorded. 相似文献