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81.
The Lackner Lake Complex of northern Ontario consists of nepheline syenite and ijolite with associated bodies of apatite—magnetite rock and carbonatite. A whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron indicates that these rocks crystallized 1078 ± 7 Ma ago () and had an initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.070282 ± 0.00011. This date is slightly lower than a K-Ar date of 1090 Ma for biotite reported previously, but is in agreement with K-Ar dates of several nearby syenite-carbonatite complexes. 相似文献
82.
This paper presents a survey of recent work on the gravimetric geoid. The gravity models considered are those published in the past few years by the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) and the Ohio State University (OSU). Comparisons and analyses have been carried out through the ose of detailed gravimetric geoids which we have computed by combining the above-mentioned models with a set of 26 000, 1ox1o mean free air gravity anomalies. The accuracy of the detailed gravimetric geoid computed using the most recent Goddard Earth Model (GEM-6) in conjunction with the set 1ox1o mean free air gravity anomalies is assessed at 2 m on the continents of North America, Europe And Australia, 2 to 5 m in the North-East Pacific and North Atlantic areas and 5 to 10 m in other areas where surface gravity data are sparse. Rms differences between this detailed geoid and the detailed geoids computed using the other satellite gravity fields in conjunction with same set of surface data range from 3 to 7 m. The maximum differences in all cases occurred in the Southern Hemisphere where surface data and satellite observations are sparse. These differences exhibited wavelengths of approximately 30o to 50o in longitude. Detailed geoidal heights were also computed with models truncated to 12th degree and order as well as 8th degree and order. This truncation resulted in a reduction of the rms differences to a maximum of 5 m. Comparisons have been made with the astrogeodetic data of Rice (United States), Bomford (Europe), and Mather (Australia) and also with geoidal heights from satellite solutions for geocentric station coordinates in North America and the Caribbean. 相似文献
83.
Stephen J. Vincent Andrew C. Morton Andrew Carter Samantha Gibbs Teimuraz G. Barabadze 《地学学报》2007,19(2):160-166
The Greater Caucasus is Europe's largest mountain belt. Significant uncertainties remain over the evolution of the range, largely due to a lack of primary field data. This work demonstrates that depositional systems within the Oligocene–Early Miocene Maykop Series on either side of the Western Greater Caucasus (WGC) display a similar provenance and divergent palaeocurrents away from the range, constraining a minimum age for the subaerial uplift of the range as early Early Oligocene. An Eocene–Oligocene hiatus, basal Oligocene olistostromes and a marked increase in nannofossil reworking also point to initial deformation in the earliest Oligocene. The initial uplift of the WGC occurred during the final assembly of the Tethysides to its south. Uplift commenced after the Late Eocene final suturing of northern Neotethys and during the initial collision of Arabia with the southern accreted margin of Eurasia. This suggests that compressional deformation was rapidly transferred across the collision zone from the indenting Arabian plate to its northern margin. 相似文献
84.
85.
86.
Since both lining structure and rock mass exhibit delayed behaviour, tunnel equilibrium conditions evolve with time. After
discussing existing work done on different aspects of long-term tunnel behaviour, the aim of this paper is to “understand”
the influence of rock mass and lining degradations on the long-term stability conditions of the tunnel by means of the convergence–confinement
method. In order to represent the effects of degradation on tunnel long-term conditions, specific degradation models are selected
according to the disorders identified during principal inspections of road tunnels in Switzerland. By simulating the reduction
of the mechanical properties of both the rock mass and the lining or by using creep models, it is possible to assess the influence
of the main degradation processes on tunnel stability. The results are interpreted in terms of tunnel safety factor. The presented
approach for the determination of the long-term behaviour of tunnels, although valid for simple tunnel geometry and field
stress conditions, allows to roughly estimate the influence of significant degradation processes that affect the rock mass
and the supporting structure. Though this approach results in some simplification, it may be generalised and adopted with
more refined numerical analyses for improving the assessment of tunnel long-term conditions. 相似文献
87.
Michel Faure Alain Cocherie Eugne B Mzme Nicolas Charles Philippe Rossi 《Gondwana Research》2010,18(4):369
In France, the Devonian–Carboniferous Variscan orogeny developed at the expense of continental crust belonging to the northern margin of Gondwana. A Visean–Serpukhovian crustal melting has been recently documented in several massifs. However, in the Montagne Noire of the Variscan French Massif Central, which is the largest area involved in this partial melting episode, the age of migmatization was not clearly settled. Eleven U–Th–Pbtot. ages on monazite and three U–Pb ages on associated zircon are reported from migmatites (La Salvetat, Ourtigas), anatectic granitoids (Laouzas, Montalet) and post-migmatitic granites (Anglès, Vialais, Soulié) from the Montagne Noire Axial Zone are presented here for the first time. Migmatization and emplacement of anatectic granitoids took place around 333–326 Ma (Visean) and late granitoids emplaced around 325–318 Ma (Serpukhovian). Inherited zircons and monazite date the orthogneiss source rock of the Late Visean melts between 560 Ma and 480 Ma. In migmatites and anatectic granites, inherited crystals dominate the zircon populations. The migmatitization is the middle crust expression of a pervasive Visean crustal melting event also represented by the “Tufs anthracifères” volcanism in the northern Massif Central. This crustal melting is widespread in the French Variscan belt, though it is restricted to the upper plate of the collision belt. A mantle input appears as a likely mechanism to release the heat necessary to trigger the melting of the Variscan middle crust at a continental scale. 相似文献
88.
Sander Wijnhoven Vincent Escaravage Eugène Daemen Herman Hummel 《Estuaries and Coasts》2010,33(6):1261-1278
The former tidal inlet Lake Veere was turned into a stagnant brackish lake in 1961. Ever since, the system has shown a continuous
degradation. The current study shows the monitoring results for the macrozoobenthic communities and the abiotic conditions
for the period 1990–2008. This includes the first step to remediation, the restoration of the exchange between the tidal marine
Eastern Scheldt and Lake Veere in 2004. A continuous decline in water clearance co-occurring with decreasing macrofauna densities
and richness was observed till 2004. Water quality (e.g., secchi depth, nutrient levels, and oxygen conditions) improved significantly
after the measure at a higher salinity level with less variation. But the macrofauna densities, biomass, and diversity did
not improve yet. First indications of changes in the benthic communities by arrival of new and returning species are however
observed and show that restoration at macrofauna level follows the improved abiotic conditions with a delay of several years. 相似文献
89.
Roberto Cossu Monique Petitdidier Julian Linford Vincent Badoux Luigi Fusco Benoit Gotab Ladislav Hluchy Giuditta Lecca Fabrizio Murgia Camiel Plevier Philippe Renard Horst Schwichtenberg Wim Som de Cerff Viet Tran Gerald Vetois 《Earth Science Informatics》2010,3(3):135-148
Due to its intensive data processing and highly distributed organization, the multidisciplinary Earth Science applications community is uniquely positioned for the uptake and exploitation of Grid technologies. Currently Enabling Grids for E-sciencE, and other large Grid infrastructures are already deployed and capable of operational services. So far however, the adoption and exploitation of Grid technology throughout the Earth Science community has been slower than expected. The Dissemination and Exploitation of GRids in Earth sciencE project, proposed by the European Commission to assist and accelerate this process in a number of different ways, had between its main goals the creation of a roadmap towards Earth Science Grid platform. This paper presents the resulting roadmap. 相似文献
90.
Multi-zone fusion crust formation and classification of the 2004 Auckland meteorite (L6, S5, and W0)
James M. Scott Marianne Negrini Kevin Faure Marshall C. Palmer Derek R. Knaack Matthew I. Leybourne 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2023,58(3):328-340
On June 12, 2004, a meteorite passed through Earth's atmosphere and landed under the television in the living room of a house in Auckland, New Zealand. Textural characteristics, the chemistry of olivine (Fa23–24) and orthopyroxene (Fs20.7), and the bulk rock triple oxygen isotopes (δ17O + 3.1; δ18O + 4.2‰) from the interior of the completely unweathered (W0) 1.3 kg meteorite, hereafter referred to as Auckland, suggest it to be a strongly metamorphosed fragment from the interior of a low iron ordinary chondrite (L6) parent asteroid. The occurrence of maskelynite but shock fracturing of olivine and pyroxene indicates Auckland experienced extreme shock metamorphism (S5), likely during Ordovician fragmentation of the asteroid parent. The fusion crust consists of three zones: (1) an innermost zone containing narrow Fe-Ni-S-bearing veins that migrated along pre-existing shock fractures in olivine and pyroxene; (2) a middle zone in which the meteorite partially melted to form a silicate glass and immiscible blebs of metal and troilite, and is accompanied by unmelted silicate minerals; and (3) an approximately 0.1 mm wide vesicular-rich outermost layer that largely melted, volatilizing sulfides, before quenching to form glass and olivine. Oxygen isotope values of the bulk rock and/or maskelynite of melted rim and modified substrate are 2–3‰ greater than the meteorite interior and indicate that up to 19% of terrestrial atmospheric O2 was incorporated into the fusion crust during the formation. The fusion crust migrated inwards as ablation occurred, enabling melting, migration, and re-precipitation ± loss of sulfide and metal components, with the prominent glassy rim therefore forming from an already chemically modified zone. 相似文献