Frequency-domain finite-difference amplitude-preserving migration   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

R.-E. Plessix  W. A. Mulder 《Geophysical Journal International》2004,157(3):975-987

  相似文献   

A multigrid solver for 3D electromagnetic diffusion   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

W.A. Mulder 《Geophysical Prospecting》2006,54(5):633-649

The performance of a multigrid solver for the time‐harmonic electromagnetic problem in geophysical settings is investigated. The frequencies are sufficiently small for waves travelling at the speed of light to be negligible, so that a diffusive problem remains. The discretization of the governing equations is obtained by the finite‐integration technique, which can be viewed as a finite‐volume generalization of Yee's staggered grid scheme. The resulting set of discrete equations is solved by a multigrid method. The convergence rate of the multigrid method decreased when the grid was stretched. The slower convergence rate of the multigrid method can be compensated by using bicgstab2 , a conjugate‐gradient‐type method for non‐symmetric problems. In that case, the multigrid solver acts as a preconditioner. However, whereas the multigrid method provides excellent convergence with constant grid spacings, it performs less than satisfactorily when substantial grid stretching is used.  相似文献   

Evolution of the Mesozoic Granites in the Xiong''''ershan-Waifangshan Region,Western Henan Province,China,and Its Tectonic Implications          下载免费PDF全文

Franco PIRAJNO 《《地质学报》英文版》2007,(2)

Based on the new data of isotopic ages and geochemical analyses, three types of Mesozoic granites have been identified for the Xiong'ershan-Waifangshan region in western Henan Province: high-Ba-SrⅠ-type granite emplaced in the early stage (～160 Ma),Ⅰ-type granite in the middle stage (～130 Ma) and anorogenic A-type granite in the late stage (～115 Ma). Geochemical characteristics of the high-Ba-SrⅠ-type granite suggest that it may have been generated from the thickened lower crust by partial melting with primary residues of amphibole and garnet. Gradual increase of negative Eu anomaly and Sr content variations reflect progressive shallowing of the source regions of these granites from the early to late stage. New 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of the early-stage Wuzhangshan granite (156.0±1.1 Ma, amphibole) and middle-stage Heyu granite (131.8±0.7 Ma, biotite) are indistinguishable from their SHRIMP U-Pb ages previous published, indicating a rapid uplift and erosion in this region. The representative anorogenic A-type granite, Taishanmiao pluton, was emplaced at～115 Ma. The evolution of the granites in this region reveals a tectonic regime change from post-collisional to anorogenic between～160 Ma and～115 Ma. The genesis of the early- and middle-stageⅠ-type granites could be linked to delamination of subducted lithosphere of the Qiniing orogenic belt, while the late-stage A-type granites represent the onset of extension and the end of orogenic process. In fact, along the Qiniing -Dabie-Sulu belt, the Mesozoic granitoids in western Henan, Dabieshan and Jiaodong regions are comparable on the basis of these temporal evolutionary stages and their initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios, which may suggest a similar geodynamic process related to the collision between the North China and Yangtze cratons.  相似文献   

考虑孔隙特性的压实黄土抗剪强度试验研究          下载免费PDF全文

马金莲  钟秀梅  王谦  王平  刘钊钊 《地震工程学报》2022,44(6):1375-1383

以甘肃省临夏某机场场址黄土为研究对象,基于室内三轴剪切试验,研究了初始含水率和压实度对重塑黄土抗剪强度指标、应力路径、破坏强度的影响规律;结合室内电镜扫描试验得到的重塑黄土细观结构图像,定量分析了不同压实度下重塑黄土孔隙特性,并建立了孔隙特性与破坏强度之间的关系.研究结果表明:(1)不同初始含水率和压实度条件下重塑黄土应力G应变关系曲线形式为软化型、弱硬化型和强硬化型:7%含水率以下、90%压实度以上条件下为软化型,7%含水率、 85%压实度以下及9%含水率、90%压实度以上条件下为弱硬化型,其余条件下则为强硬化型; (2)重塑压实黄土应力路径曲线呈斜直线形式,曲线形式基本不受压实度和含水率影响;(3)重塑压实黄土抗剪强度指标、破坏强度随初始含水率的增加而减小,随压实度的增加而增大;(4)重塑压实黄土破坏强度与微、小孔隙含量成正比例关系,与中、大、特大孔隙含量及孔隙平均周长和面积成反比例关系.  相似文献   

Exploring some issues in acoustic full waveform inversion     

W.A. Mulder  R.‐E. Plessix 《Geophysical Prospecting》2008,56(6):827-841

The least‐squares error measures the difference between observed and modelled seismic data. Because it suffers from local minima, a good initial velocity model is required to avoid convergence to the wrong model when using a gradient‐based minimization method. If a data set mainly contains reflection events, it is difficult to update the velocity model with the least‐squares error because the minimization method easily ends up in the nearest local minimum without ever reaching the global minimum. Several authors observed that the model could be updated by diving waves, requiring a wide‐angle or large‐offset data set. This full waveform tomography is limited to a maximum depth. Here, we use a linear velocity model to obtain estimates for the maximum depth. In addition, we investigate how frequencies should be selected if the seismic data are modelled in the frequency domain. In the presence of noise, the condition to avoid local minima requires more frequencies than needed for sufficient spectral coverage. We also considered acoustic inversion of a synthetic marine data set created by an elastic time‐domain finite‐difference code. This allowed us to validate the estimates made for the linear velocity model. The acoustic approximation leads to a number of problems when using long‐offset data. Nevertheless, we obtained reasonable results. The use of a variable density in the acoustic inversion helped to match the data at the expense of accuracy in the inversion result for the density.  相似文献   

Initial formation of channel–shoal patterns in double–inlet systems     

Deng  Xiao  De Mulder  Tom  Schuttelaars  Henk 《Ocean Dynamics》2023,73(1):1-21

Ocean Dynamics - Channel–shoal patterns are often observed in the back–barrier basins of inlet systems and are important from both an economical and ecological point of view. Focussing...  相似文献   

Research Note: A workaround for the corner problem in numerically exact non-reflecting boundary conditions     

W.A. Mulder 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(9):2857-2866

Simulations of wave propagation in the Earth usually require truncation of a larger domain to the region of interest to keep computational cost acceptable. This introduces artificial boundaries that should not generate reflected waves. Most existing boundary conditions are not able to completely suppress all the reflected energy, but suffice in practice except when modelling subtle events such as interbed multiples. Exact boundary conditions promise better performance but are usually formulated in terms of the governing wave equation and, after discretization, still may produce unwanted artefacts. Numerically exact non-reflecting boundary conditions are instead formulated in terms of the discretized wave equation. They have the property that the numerical solution computed on a given domain is the same as one on a domain enlarged to the extent that waves reflected from the boundary do not have the time to reach the original truncated domain. With a second- or higher-order finite-difference scheme for the one-dimensional wave equation, these boundary conditions follow from a recurrence relation. In its generalization to two or three dimensions, a recurrence relation was only found for a single non-reflecting boundary on one side of the domain or two of them at opposing ends. The other boundaries should then be zero Dirichlet or Neumann. If two non-reflecting boundaries meet at a corner, translation invariance is lost and a simple recurrence relation could not be found. Here, a workaround is presented that restores translation invariance by imposing classic, approximately non-reflecting boundary conditions on the other sides and numerically exact ones on the two opposing sides that otherwise would create the strongest reflected waves with the classic condition. The exact ones can also be applied independently. As a proof of principle, the method is applied to the two-dimensional acoustic wave equation, discretized on a rectangular domain with a second-order finite-difference scheme and first-order Enquist–Majda boundary conditions as approximate ones. The method is computationally costly but has the advantage that it can be reused on a sequence of problems as long as the time step and the sound speed values next to the boundary are kept fixed.  相似文献   

Transatlantic latest Cretaceous mosasaurs (Reptilia,Lacertilia) from the Maastrichtian type area and New Jersey     

Mulder  Eric W.A. 《Geologie en Mijnbouw》1999,78(3-4):281-300

Cranial and postcranial elements of the mosasaurid reptiles Mosasaurus hoffmanni Mantell 1829 and Plioplatecarpus marshi Dollo 1882 from the Maastrichtian type area, and of Mosasaurus maximus Cope 1869 and Plioplatecarpus depressus (Cope 1869) from New Jersey are compared. Views held by previous authors are discussed. It is concluded that these European and North American taxa are conspecific.  相似文献   

Index test for the degradation potential of carbonate sands during hydraulic transportation     

Dominique Ngan-Tillard  Johan Haan  David Laughton  Arno Mulder  Art Nooy van der Kolff   《Engineering Geology》2009,108(1-2):54-64

Carbonate sands undergo degradation when transported hydraulically from a dredging vessel to the reclamation site. Risks involved in the production of fines during hydraulic transport are a deterioration of the mechanical properties of the fill in certain areas of the reclamation area where these fines concentrate. In order to assess sand degradation in the concrete and road construction industry, the Micro-Deval test for fine aggregates was developed in France and Canada. During Micro-Deval testing, aggregates degrade when tumbled in a rotating steel drum with water and steel balls. In the Canadian standard, the steel charge is lower than in the French standard and balls have the diameter of the smallest balls used in the French test. During testing, the quantity of fines produced is measured. This makes the Micro-Deval test an option for assessing the degradation of sand during hydraulic transportation of slurries in the dredging industry. Three sands are tested: two shelly carbonate sands and one quartzic river sand for comparison. The carbonate sands were sampled on reclaimed land and had been subjected to hydraulic transportation in pipeline before artificial deposition. Due to differences in particle shape, the carbonate sands and the quartz sand have a different number of contacts with the steel charge in the drum of the Micro-Deval and are not exposed to the same degradation forces during testing. It was found that the quartzic sand suffers relatively much degradation as compared to the carbonate sands, despite its greater hardness and resistance to crushability. The French test appears to create turbulence that promotes floatation of the curved shells of the carbonate sands instead of shell grinding at the bottom of the drum by contact with the steel balls. Microscopic observations of sand samples before and after testing showed that the French Micro-Deval test is too destructive. The test leads to the fragmentation by impact of the quartz sands and the destruction of certain particle types that had survived hydraulic transportation. With respect to the Canadian test, microscopic examination of sand grains before and after testing shows there is still much fragmentation of quartz grains. A lower rotational speed combined with a limited steel charge made of uniform balls of a smaller diameter, reduces turbulence, shell floatability and last but not the least, impact forces. It produces the desired result: a high Micro-Deval loss for the carbonate sands in comparison to that for the quartz sands and a very limited fragmentation of the quartz grains. Once the slurry reaches its destination, the grain size distribution of the fines fraction will influence the mechanical behaviour of mixed sands. A procedure is proposed to measure the particle size distribution of the fines fraction produced during Micro-Deval testing.Field validation is needed to validate preliminary laboratory results.  相似文献   

Simulation of the interactions between gravity processes and contour currents on the Algarve Margin (South Portugal) using the stratigraphic forward model Sedsim     

T. Salles  E. Marchès  C. Griffiths  T. Mulder 《Sedimentary Geology》2010,229(3):95-274

The margin of the Gulf of Cadiz is swept by an intermediate current the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) flowing from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. On the northern margin of the Gulf (Algarve Margin, South Portugal) the MOW intensity is low, and fine-grained contourite drifts are built up with an alongslope alignment. Recent sedimentological studies emphasize the presence of complex process interactions resulting in the formation of a unique depositional architecture. Alongslope processes related to contour currents generate contourite drift, while downslope processes form canyons and channels aligned on deep faults. This paper uses a combined oceanographic and geological dataset to simulate the different types of interactions between gravity processes and contour currents, which were evidenced on this margin. An extrapolation of the contour current intensity has been used based on the present day velocity field and sea-level fluctuations over the simulated geological time-scale. According to our model results, the construction of the contourite drift is closely linked to contour current velocities and directions, the types of sediments transported and the existing topography. Using modern sedimentological understanding of the area, we have correlated gravity flow's strongest activity to sea level lowstand periods mainly due to a closer connection between canyon's mouth and river or deltaic systems. The simulated gravity flows are initialized at different locations and times on the margin depending on the preserved lobes retrieved from seismic analysis. Their resulting morphological features are identified as perched-lobes with volumes and forms close to the ones observed on Portimão and Lagos Drifts. This study provides a process-based understanding of the construction of contourite system and a physical evaluation of the interactions between gravity flows perpendicular to the slope, and alongslope processes. In addition, it shows the influence of autocyclic factors in the construction of contourite sedimentation, which is important to consider in future sedimentary paleo-reconstruction interpretations.  相似文献