Crustal structure of northwestern Svalbard and the adjacent Yermak Plateau: evidence for Oligocene detachment tectonics and non-volcanic breakup   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Oliver Ritzmann  Wilfried Jokat 《Geophysical Journal International》2003,152(1):139-159

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Buffering Mechanisms in Acidic Mining Lakes – A Model-Based Analysis     

Oliver Totsche  Rosemarie Pöthig  Wilfried Uhlmann  Heike Büttcher  Christian E.W. Steinberg 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2003,9(4):343-359

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The effect of Al3+, Fe3+, and Ti4+ on the configurational heat capacities of sodium silicate liquids     

J. A. Tangeman  R. A. Lange 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1998,26(2):83-99

The heat capacities of 29 glasses and supercooled liquids in the Na₂O-SiO₂, Na₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂, Na₂O-(FeO)-Fe₂O₃-SiO₂, and Na₂O-TiO₂-SiO₂ systems were measured in air from 328 to 998 K with a differential scanning calorimeter. The reproducibility of the data determined from multiple heat capacity runs on a single crystal MgO standard is within ± 1% of the accepted values at temperatures ≤ 800 K and within ± 1.5% between 800 and 1000 K. Within the resolution of the data, the heat capacities of sodium silicate and sodium aluminosilicate liquids are temperature independent. Heat capacity data in the supercooled liquid region for the sodium silicates and sodium aluminosilicates were combined and modelled assuming a linear compositional dependence. The derived values for the partial molar heat capacities of Na₂O, Al₂O₃, and SiO₂ are 112.35 ± 0.42, 153.16 ± 0.82, and 76.38 ± 0.20 J/gfw · K respectively. The partial molar heat capacities of Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ could not be determined in the same manner because the heat capacities of the Fe₂O₃- and TiO₂-bearing sodium silicate melts showed varying degrees of negative temperature dependence. The negative temperature dependence to the configurational C _P may be related to the occurrence of sub-microscopic domains (relatively polymerized and depolymerized) that break down to a more homogeneous melt structure with increasing temperature. Such an interpretation is consistent with data from in situ Raman, Mössbauer, and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopic studies on similar melts.  相似文献   

Heat and mass transfer to and from surfaces with dense vegetation or similar permeable roughness     

Wilfried Brutsaert 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1979,16(4):365-388

A differential equation is obtained to describe the concentration of passive admixtures (water vapor, sensible heat, pollutants, CO₂, etc.) of turbulent flow inside a dense and uniform vegetational canopy. The profiles of eddy diffusivity, wind speed and shear stress are assumed to be exponential decay functions of depth below the top of the canopy. This equation is solved for the case of a vegetation with constant concentration of the admixture at the foliage surfaces. The solution is used to formulate bulk mass or heat transfer coefficients, which can be applied to practical problems involving surfaces covered with a vegetation or with similar porous or fibrous roughness elements. The results are shown to be consistent with experimental data presented by Chamberlain (1966), Garratt and Hicks (1973) and Garratt (1978). Calculations with the model illustrate that, as compared to its behavior over surfaces with bluff roughness elements, ln(z ₀/z _0c ) (wherez ₀ is the momentum roughness andz _0c , the scalar roughness) for permeable roughness elements is relatively insensitive tou _* and practically independent ofz ₀.  相似文献   

Similarity functions D for water vapor in the unstable atmospheric boundary layer     

Wilfried Brutsaert  Frederick K. -F. Chan 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1978,14(4):441-456

An analysis was performed of experimental data obtained at fixed ship stations during AMTEX 1974 and 1975. This allowed the calculation of the bulk transfer relationships for water vapor and sensible heat in the atmospheric boundary layer for different interpretations of the thickness scale of the boundary layer. It was found that scaling based on the observed thickness, which herein was taken as the height of the lowest value in the potential temperature profile under unstable conditions, produces least scatter in the calculations. The results obtained for the similarity function c( _i ) of the bulk heat transfer coefficient are in good agreement with the results of previous studies. As observed earlier (Brutsaert and Mawdsley, 1976; Mawdsley and Brutsaert, 1977), under unstable conditions the similarity functions D() of the bulk water vapor transfer coefficient are smaller than the corresponding C() functions for sensible heat. In the case of inversion height scaling, the results can be represented by d( _i ) = 0.65 c( _i ).  相似文献   

The stability functions in the bulk similarity formulation for the unstable boundary layer     

Michiaki Sugita  Wilfried Brutsaert 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1992,61(1-2):65-80

An update is presented for the functionC in the heat transfer equation and for the functionB _w in the momentum transfer equation of the bulk similarity approach for the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Motives for this update are recent developments in the formulation of Monin-Obukhov functions for the surface layer, and the availability of the new data set of FIFE-89, the 1989 phase of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment, which took place over the same hilly prairie terrain in north-eastern Kansas as the 1987 phase, i.e., FIFE-87. Functional forms developed in earlier studies are considered. In addition, a new form is derived based on a simple dual structure of the ABL. The functions are calibrated with the data set obtained during FIFE-87; the results are then verified with the independent data set acquired during FIFE-89.Formerly at Cornell University.  相似文献   

Seismic velocities of the uppermost igneous crust versus age   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ingo Grevemeyer  Wilfried Weigel 《Geophysical Journal International》1996,124(2):631-635

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Characteristics and distribution patterns of snow and meteoric ice in the Weddell Sea and their contribution to the mass balance of sea ice   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Hajo Eicken  Manfred A. Lange  Peter Wadhams 《Annales Geophysicae》1994,12(1):80-93

Based on snow- and ice-thickness measurements at >11 000 points augmented by snow- and icecore studies during 4 expeditions from 1986 - 92 in the Weddell Sea, we describe characteristics and distribution patterns of snow and meteoric ice and assess their importance for the mass balance of sea ice. For first-year ice (FY) in the central and eastern Weddell Sea, mean snow depth amounts to 0.16 m (mean ice thickness 0.75 m) compared to 0.53 m (mean ice thickness 1.70 m) for second-year ice (SY) in the northwestern Weddell Sea. Ridged ice retains a thicker snow cover than level ice, with ice thickness and snow depth negatively correlated for the latter, most likely due to aeolian redistribution. During the different expeditions, 8, 15, 17 and 40% of all drill holes exhibited negative freeboard. As a result of flooding and brine seepage into the snow pack, snow salinities averaged 4‰. Through ¹⁸O measurements the distribution of meteoric ice (i.e. precipitation) in the sea-ice cover was assessed. Roughly 4% of the total ice thickness consist of meteoric ice (FY 3%, SY 5%). With a mean density of 290 kg/m³, the snow cover itself contributes 8% to total ice mass (7% FY, 11% SY). Analysis of ¹⁸O in snow indicates a local maximum in accumulation in the 65 to 75^S latitude zone. Hydrogen peroxide in the snow has proven useful as a temporal tracer and for identification of second-year floes. Drawing on accumulation data from stations at the Weddell Sea coast, it becomes clear that the onset of ice growth is important for the evolution of ice thickness and the interaction between ice and snow. Loss of snow to leads due to wind drift may be considerable, yet is reduced owing to metamorphic processes in the snow column. This is confirmed by a comparison of accumulation data from coastal stations and from snow depths over sea ice. Temporal and spatial accumulation patterns of snow are shown to be important in controlling the sea-ice cover evolution.  相似文献   

Germany: The Baltic Sea and its agricultural environmental status     

Wilfried Werner  Hans-Peter Wodsak 《Marine pollution bulletin》1994,29(6-12):471-476

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Crustal structure between the Knipovich Ridge and the Van Mijenfjorden (Svalbard)     

Ritzmann  Oliver  Jokat  Wilfried  Mjelde  Rolf  Shimamura  Hideki 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2002,23(5-6):379-401

Marine Geophysical Research - The Alfred Wegener Institute of Polar and Marine Research, the University of Bergen and Hokkaido University acquired new seismic refraction data along a transect from...  相似文献