Amateur decision-making in avalanche terrain with and without a decision aid: a stated choice survey     

Pascal Haegeli  Wolfgang Haider  Margo Longland  Ben Beardmore 《Natural Hazards》2010,52(1):185-209

Avalanches pose a serious threat to recreational backcountry travelers in mountainous terrain. This study explores how the three main amateur user groups of avalanche terrain in western Canada (backcountry skiers, out-of-bound skiers, and snowmobile riders) balance recreational goals with safety concerns when choosing backcountry destinations under varying avalanche conditions. Using a discrete choice experiment (DCE), a stated preference technique, the study first examines the strengths and weaknesses in the decision process of the three amateur groups by comparing their responses with the choice patterns of professional mountain guides. The results show that the decision-making strategies employed by the respective amateur groups vary considerably in their level of complexity and the degree to which avalanche safety considerations are incorporated. Second, we examine the effects of a decision aid that preprocesses the most crucial pieces of avalanche hazard information on the decision preferences of the amateur groups in the DCE. The results show that a relatively simple decision aid can influence the decision-making process considerably and steer users towards more avalanche hazard sensitive behaviour.  相似文献   

V. Lakshmikantham,S. Leela,A. A. Martynyuk: Stability Analysis of Nonlinear Systems. Marcel Dekker Inc., ISBN: 0-8247-8067-1     

Wolfgang Jansen 《Astronomische Nachrichten》1995,316(1):67-67

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Scientific detector workshop 2022 on-sky performance verification of near-infrared e−APD technology for wavefront sensing and demonstration of e−APD pixel performance to improve the sensitivity of large science focal planes     

Gert Finger  Frank Eisenhauer  Reinhard Genzel  Christopher Mandla  Ian Baker  Domingo Alvarez  Antonio Amorim  Wolfgang Brandner  Christophe Dupuy  Casey Deen  Derek Ives  Leander Mehrgan  Manfred Meyer  Karin Perraut  Guy Perrin  Jörg Stegmeier  Christian Straubmeier  Harald J. Weller  Vincent Isgar 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2023,344(8-9):e20230069

Near-infrared adaptive optics as well as fringe tracking for coherent beam combination in optical interferometry require the development of high-speed sensors. Because of the high speed, a large analog bandwidth is required. The short exposure times result in small signal levels which require noiseless detection. Both requirements cannot be met by state-of-the-art conventional CMOS technology of near-infrared arrays as has been attempted previously. A total of five near-infrared SAPHIRA 320 × 256 pixel HgCdTe e⁻APD arrays have been deployed in the wavefront sensors and in the fringe tracker of the VLTI instrument GRAVITY. The current limiting magnitude for coherent exposures with GRAVITY is m_k = 19, which is made possible with ADP technology. New avalanche photo-diode array (APD) developments since GRAVITY include the extension of the spectral sensitivity to the wavelength range from 0.8 to 2.5 μm. After GRAVITY a larger format array with 512 × 512 pixels has been developed for both AO applications at the ELT and for long integration times. Since dark currents of <10⁻³ e⁻/s have been demonstrated with 1Kx1K e⁻APD arrays and 2Kx2K e⁻APD arrays have already been developed, the possibilities and adaptations of e⁻APD technology to provide noiseless large-format science-grade arrays for long integration times are also discussed.  相似文献