2019 年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因     

尹宜舟  李多  孙劭  王国复  柯宗建 《气象》2020,46(4):538-546

2019年全球主要温室气体浓度继续保持上升趋势,全球平均温度比工业化前水平高1.1（±0.1）℃,为有气象记录以来第二暖年。海洋热容量及海平面高度创新高,海冰面积偏小。年内,全球各地发生了许多重大天气气候事件,包括多地遭遇暴雨洪涝侵袭,澳大利亚以及亚洲和欧洲多国受干旱影响,全球极端热带气旋频发,欧洲及澳大利亚等地遭遇异常高温热浪天气,北美和欧洲遭受寒流和暴风雪袭击,多地出现强对流天气。分析表明,印度洋偶极子（IOD）处于正位相、赤道中太平洋地区海温持续偏暖以及副热带高压系统控制是澳大利亚高温少雨的主要原因,最终引发严重的森林山火;前期异常偏强的IOD正位相叠加持续时间异常偏长的热带低压,促进了2019年印度7—8月强暴雨事件的发生发展。  相似文献   

Large-Eddy Atmosphere–Land-Surface Modelling over Heterogeneous Surfaces: Model Development and Comparison with Measurements     

Yaping Shao  Shaofeng Liu  Jan H. Schween  Susanne Crewell 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,148(2):333-356

A model is developed for the large-eddy simulation (LES) of heterogeneous atmosphere and land-surface processes. This couples a LES model with a land-surface scheme. New developments are made to the land-surface scheme to ensure the adequate representation of atmosphere–land-surface transfers on the large-eddy scale. These include, (1) a multi-layer canopy scheme; (2) a method for flux estimates consistent with the large-eddy subgrid closure; and (3) an appropriate soil-layer configuration. The model is then applied to a heterogeneous region with 60-m horizontal resolution and the results are compared with ground-based and airborne measurements. The simulated sensible and latent heat fluxes are found to agree well with the eddy-correlation measurements. Good agreement is also found in the modelled and observed net radiation, ground heat flux, soil temperature and moisture. Based on the model results, we study the patterns of the sensible and latent heat fluxes, how such patterns come into existence, and how large eddies propagate and destroy land-surface signals in the atmosphere. Near the surface, the flux and land-use patterns are found to be closely correlated. In the lower boundary layer, small eddies bearing land-surface signals organize and develop into larger eddies, which carry the signals to considerably higher levels. As a result, the instantaneous flux patterns appear to be unrelated to the land-use patterns, but on average, the correlation between them is significant and persistent up to about 650 m. For a given land-surface type, the scatter of the fluxes amounts to several hundred W $\text{ m }^{-2}$ , due to (1) large-eddy randomness; (2) rapid large-eddy and surface feedback; and (3) local advection related to surface heterogeneity.  相似文献   

基于SRTM资料的小海岛CFD计算模型构建——以东澳岛为例          下载免费PDF全文

邵应泉  张立杰  饶华炎 《气象与减灾研究》2021,44(2):115-120

提出了一种利用SRTM资料构建海岛CFD计算模型的技术方法,并以珠江口的东澳岛为对象,进行了模型构建试验及边界层风场的数值模拟试验.实验结果表明,SRTM资料作为开源的资料,可有效地解析空间尺度在1 km以内数量级的海岛地形,并可以此为基础构建用于CFD模拟的计算模型,真实地刻画出岛屿的地形.利用计算模型进行的模拟试验表明,岛屿地形对风场的影响明显,且这种影响可以被计算模型有效地描述.所提出的技术未来在海岛风资源评估、风电场选址、污染扩散等领域有望发挥作用.  相似文献   

中国西南地区晚二叠世泥炭地净初级生产力及其控制因素   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

邵龙义  汪浩  LargeDJ 《古地理学报》2011,13(5):473-480

米兰科维奇旋回理论是古环境研究中重要的时间“度量”工具.文中以贵州普安糯东17号煤层和云南富源天佑10号煤层为例,对晚二叠世煤层的地球物理测井信号进行频谱分析,以获得其中的米兰科维奇轨道周期参数.研究发现,测井信号所反映出的煤层灰分含量变化受泥炭地发育时期的米兰科维奇轨道周期(123 ka(偏心率):35.6 ka(斜...  相似文献   

青海聚乎更矿区煤层气富集条件   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郭晋宁  李猛  邵龙义 《中国煤炭地质》2011,(6):18-22,32

青海聚乎更矿区是世界上首次在中低纬度冻土区发现天然气水合物的地区,并且天然气水合物的气源是该矿区的煤层气。矿区主要含煤地层为中侏罗统的木里组,煤层厚度大、变质程度一般在气煤~焦煤,镜质组质量分数普遍较高（60%~80%）,煤层结构简单-较复杂,煤储层微观结构以小孔和微孔为主,割理裂隙发育。等温吸附实验结果表明,该区兰氏体积偏低,而压力偏高,储层吸附特性为中-好级别,顶底板封闭性好,地下水活动弱,有利于煤层气的形成与赋存。区内煤层下1煤含气量在0.05~5.52m3/t,下2煤在0.05~11.14m3/t,含气量普遍偏低可能与后期构造使得煤层埋深变浅导致储层压力降低、煤层甲烷大量解吸有关,此外,向斜两翼地层倾角大,也是造成矿区煤层气逸散的主要因素之一,但是在向斜转折部位及矿区深部,煤层气相对富集,是今后勘探开发重点研究区域。  相似文献   

Phytoremediation of pentachlorophenol-contaminated sediments by aquatic macrophytes     

Liangyuan Zhao  Chi Zhu  Chuangxin Gao  Jinhui Jiang  Jiaoyan Yang  Shao Yang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(2):581-588

Capability of three species of aquatic macrophytes to remediate pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated sediments starting with initial concentration of 2,000 μg kg⁻¹ dw (dry weight) was investigated. Negative effect of PCP on the plant growth, chlorophyll contents and root activities (p > 0.05) of the three species of aquatic macrophytes during remediation was not observed. PCP removal was significantly enhanced in the phytoremediated sediments in comparison with the control sediments after 90 days treatment (p < 0.05), and the removal rates of PCP in the sediments planted with P. communis Trin, T. orientalis and S. validus Vahl were 90.35 ± 0.03, 99.23 ± 0.02 and 99.33 ± 0.01%, respectively, while the rate was 29.87 ± 0.05% in the control sediments. Bioaccumulation by three macrophytes was confirmed; the maximum PCP contents in the roots of P. communis Trin, T. orientalis and S. validus Vahl were 419.50 ± 0.71, 1,833.33 ± 7.37 and 2,090.00 ± 2.65 μg kg⁻¹ at the 30th day, respectively. In conclusion, P. communis Trin, T. orientalis and S. validus Vahl may act as promising tools for the PCP phytoremediation in aquatic environment, especially S. validus Vahl.  相似文献   

Preservation of earthen heritage sites on the Silk Road,northwest China from the impact of the environment   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Li Li  Mingshen Shao  Sijing Wang  Zuixiong Li 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(6):1625-1639

The Silk Road played an important role in the economic and cultural exchanges between central China, Europe and Central Asia. A number of heritage sites with significant values still remain throughout the Gobi Desert and other desert regions in Northwest China. Most of the heritage sites composed of adobeern materials and the earthen structures have been impacted by adverse environmental conditions for thousands of years causing severe damage with only a small proportion of the structures left surviving to the present day. Analysis of the main environmental factors affecting the heritage sites such as temperature difference, wind storms, rain storms, and the freeze–thaw process and a study of the mechanism of the deterioration are the main topics presented in this paper. The authors have concluded that a Potassium–Silica solution PS invented by one of the authors has been effective in improving the intrinsic properties of heritage site earthen structures with regard to reducing the impact of environmental damage. The results of comparative tests show that samples treated by using the PS solution have performed well, particularly in protecting structures from aeolian erosion and heavy rainfall. Some findings on the effect of PS treatment on earthen structures at heritage sites are discussed in detail in the present paper.  相似文献   

Changes in stream flow regime in headwater catchments of the Yellow River basin since the 1950s     

Hongxing Zheng  Lu Zhang  Changming Liu  Quanxi Shao  Yoshihiro Fukushima 《水文研究》2007,21(7):886-893

The headwater catchments of the Yellow River basin generate over 35% of the basin's total stream flow and play a vital role in meeting downstream water resources requirements. In recent years the Yellow River has experienced significant changes in its hydrological regime, including an increased number of zero‐flow days. These changes have serious implications for water security and basin management. We investigated changes in stream flow regime of four headwater catchments since the 1950s. The rank‐based non‐parametric Mann–Kendall test was used to detect trends in annual stream flow. The results showed no significant trend for the period 1956 to 2000. However, change‐point analysis showed that a significant change in annual stream flow occurred around 1990, and hence the stream‐flow data can be divided into two periods: 1956–1990 and 1991–2000. There was a considerable difference in average annual stream flow between the two periods, with a maximum reduction of 51%. Wet‐season rainfall appears to be the main factor responsible for the decreasing trend in annual stream flow. Reductions in annual stream flow were associated with decreased interannual variability in stream flow. Seasonal stream flow distribution changed from bimodal to unimodal between the two periods, with winter stream flow showing a greater reduction than other seasons. Daily stream flow regime represented by flow duration curves showed that all percentile flows were decreased in the second period. The high flow index (Q₅/Q₅₀) reduced by up to 28%, whereas the reduction in the low flow index (Q₉₅/Q₅₀) is more dramatic, with up to 100% reduction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Sustainable land use planning based on ecological health   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Shao Jing-an  Wei Chao-fu  Xie De-ti 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2005,15(2):137-144

This paper, taking Beiwenquan Town of Beibei, Chongqing as an example, assessed the impacts of land use on ecological health by comprehensive index method, and discussed methodological system of sustainable land use planning based on ecological health. Results indicated that: 1) From 1992 to 2002, land use changes focused on 12 patterns with the total conversion area of 92.11%, which were related to cultivated land, residential and industrial-mining area, and orchard land. Urbanization and economic reconstruction with the leading driving forces. 2) There was obvious difference of the areas of ecotypes driven by land use change in wide valley and mild slope between 1992 and 2002, while there were little or no difference in steep slope and very steep slope. 3) Both of the conditions of ecological health in 1992 and 2002 were sound, and the ecotypes focused on the types of health and sub-health. But, health ecosystem in 1992, with an area of 764.64ha, accounting for 38.51% of the total evaluation area, was better than that in 2002, with an area of 636.10ha, accounting for 34.19% of the total evaluation area. 4) The ecotypes involved into different ranges have already degenerated, due to humankind’s disturbance, while the conditions of ecological health in the same range in 1992, regardless of stability and reconstruction, were better than that in 2002. 5) The planning scenario based on ecological health was accorded with the practice condition of Beiwenquan Town: 388.29ha of cultivated land could meet the Beiwenquan demand of food and byproduct; 1045.26ha of forest land area, the Beiwenquan demand of ecological health; and 1004.73ha of the residential and industrial-mining area, the Beiwenquan building demand. 6) Sustainable land use planning based on ecological health had higher useful value, because it not only stood to ecological theory, but also satisfied the development demand of society and economy. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the Key Project of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education (No. 03111) and Incubation Fund Project of Science and Technology Committee of Chongqing (No. 017079) Biography: SHAO Jing-an (1976-), male, a native of Bozhou of Anhui Province, Ph.D., specialized in land use and eco-environmental evolution. E-mail: shaojinganswau@yahoo.com.cn  相似文献   

The optical spectral slope variability of 17 blazars     

Shao Ming Hu  G. Zhao  H. Y. Guo  X. Zhang  Y. G. Zheng 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,371(3):1243-1250

Many quasi-simultaneous optical observations of 17 blazars are obtained from previous papers published over the last 19 years in order to investigate the spectral slope variability and understand the radiation mechanism of blazars. The long-period dereddened optical spectral slopes are calculated. We analyse the average spectral slope distribution, which suggests that the spectra of flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) and high energy peaked BL Lac objects (HBLs) are probably deformed by other emission components. The average spectral slopes of low energy peaked BL Lac objects(LBLs), which scatter around 1.5, show a good accordance with the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) loss-dominated model. We present and discuss the variability between the spectral slope and optical luminosity. The spectra of all HBLs and LBLs get flatter when they turn brighter, while for FSRQs this trend does not exist or may even be reversed. This phenomenon may imply that there is a thermal contribution to the optical spectrum for FSRQs. For the FSRQ 1156+295, there is a hint that the slope gets flatter at both the brightest and faintest states. Our result shows that three subclasses locate in different regions in the pattern of slope variability indicator versus average spectral slope. The relativistic jet mechanism is supported by the significant correlation between the optical Doppler factor and the average spectral slope.  相似文献