全球气候变化下水资源脆弱性及其评估方法   总被引：43，自引：0，他引：43  

唐国平  李秀彬  刘燕华 《地球科学进展》2000,15(3):313-317

气候变化对水资源的影响主要表现在两个方面:①对水资源供给能力的影响;②对水资源需求性的影响。气候变化下水资源脆弱性评估是水资源系统的综合评估,主要包括水资源供给与需求平衡的评估。我国水资源深受气候影响,表现在地区分布不均、洪涝灾害严重、供需矛盾突出等方面;此外,自气候变化引起关注以来,我国有关水资源脆弱性评估的研究甚少。对水资源脆弱性评估方法进行探讨,旨在为进一步探讨气候变化下我国水资源的脆弱性提供依据。  相似文献   

中国土地利用研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

朱会义  吕昌河  李秀彬  Zhu Huiyi  LU Changhe  LI Xiubin 《地理学报(英文版)》2004,14(Z1)

1IntroductionLand use is one of the major themes of geographical studies because of its importance to human society (Cai, 1990). Land is not only the most important natural resource, but also provides necessary space for people to live in (Li, 2002b). As the linkage between nature and human beings, land use is the way to obtain land functions to meet human demands, and usually the key factor for most environmental problems.Compared to other countries/regions in the world, China bears high pr…  相似文献   

农地边际化的表现特征及其诊断标准   总被引：21，自引：2，他引：19  

刘成武  李秀彬 《地理科学进展》2005,24(2):106-113

本文对农地边际化与边际土地的概念与本质、农地边际化在区域土地利用中的表现特征及其诊断标准进行了理论探讨。农地边际化是一种受社会、经济、政治和环境等因素综合驱动作用的过程,一种在现有的土地利用和社会-经济结构条件下,农地变得不再具有经济生产能力的过程。在农地边际化过程中,农户会有不同的行为响应,从而导致区域土地利用在“集约度、播种面积、用途转移与土地经营制度”等方面发生重大变化;农地利用的“边际收益指标”、“集约度指标”与“播种面积指标”是诊断农地边际化的三大指标。一般而言,如果该农地利用的“边际收益”为负,且在随后的土地利用过程中出现了“集约度下降、播种面积缩小,甚至弃耕撂荒”等变化特征,可以初步判断该农地利用出现了边际化现象。但不同类型农地边际化,其诊断标准也有差异。  相似文献   

流域土地覆被变化水文效应的模拟——以长江上游源头区梭磨河为例   总被引：43，自引：3，他引：40  

邓慧平  李秀彬  陈军锋  张明  万洪涛 《地理学报》2003,58(1):53-62

为分析地表覆被变化的水文效应,以半分布式的地形指数模型 (TOPOMODEL) 为基础,对梭磨河流域1960~1999年逐日流量过程进行了模拟。结果表明,对于流域面积2536km² 的梭磨河流域,该模型也能取得较好的模拟结果。模拟了流域40年来气候波动和地表覆被变化对流域水文的影响。最后在4种不同的流域土地覆被情景下模拟了1960~1999年逐日径流过程。对于实际蒸散发与潜在蒸发有300多mm差距的梭磨河流域,在其它条件不变的情况下,随着流域土地覆被和冠层最大截流量的增加,冠层截流蒸发和流域总蒸发增加,植被蒸腾和土壤表面蒸发减少,土壤水分增加而流域水分含量和饱和层含水量减少。地表径流、地表以下径流、总径流减小。重现期小于20年的洪峰流量减小,但对40年一遇的洪峰流量影响很小,甚至有增加洪峰流量的作用。  相似文献   

关于区域土地利用变化指数模型方法的讨论   总被引：264，自引：3，他引：261  

朱会义  李秀彬 《地理学报》2003,58(5):643-650

近几年来,各类指数模型方法被广泛应用于我国土地利用变化研究中,并在区域土地利用变化规律总结上发挥了重要作用。这些指数方法包括变化率、土地利用程度综合指数、转移矩阵、流向百分比、动态度、相对变化率、邻接度、多度、重要度、景观指数等。但有关文献对这些指数的表述与计算中,还存在一些明显的混乱与误用。文章通过分析国内相关文献中所涉及的各类指数方法,将其按资源变化的分析、变化方向分析、变化的空间形式分析等目的取向加以归类,然后在此类型框架下,详细阐述了各种指数方法的概念、计算方法、意义、存在的问题,并提出应用建议。  相似文献   

ASSESSMENT OF SOIL LOSS ON UNCULTIVATED SLOPE LAND BY USING 137CS TECHNIQUE IN THE UPPER YANGTZE RIVER BASIN OF CHINA     

MingyiFENG XinbaoZHANG AnbangWEN XiubinHE 《国际泥沙研究》2004,19(1):60-65

Radionuclides are used as tracers of sediments in areas where no plot data or field monitoring data are not available. Caesium-137 can provide important information on both soil loss rates and sediment sources. The 137Cs technique is employed to assess soil erosion rates in forest and grass lands in the Upper Yangtze River Basin, China. The study area includes 6 forestlands and 4 grasslands in 8 counties and cities over the eastern part of the basin. The ^137Cs reference inventories ranged from 620.9 Bq m-2 to 2560.3 Bq m^-2. For the 6 forestlands, the average 137Cs inventory over a field ranges from 960.8 Bq m^-2 to 2560.3 Bq m^-2. The average erosion rate is estimated from the ^137Cs measurements between 0 to 588 t km^-2yr^-1. For the 4 grasslands, the average ^137Cs inventory ranges from 119.0 Bq m2 to 869.7 Bq m^-2. The average rate of erosion from grassland varies from 0 to 4435 t km^-2 yrl. Where the erosion was more severe, the ^137Cs inventory was lower. The results showed that there is no clear relationship between ^137Cs inventory, slope length and slope gradient on uncultivated land. The erosion rates for uncultivated land and cultivated land is compared. The result indicates that the erosion rates on uncultivated land is much lower than those on cultivated slopes and the severity of the soil erosion is closely related to vegetation cover.  相似文献   

古水耕人为土诊断层的特征与形成过程——以广汉三星堆遗址水耕人为土为例     

何毓蓉  徐祥明  吴晓军  王艳强  贺秀斌 《山地学报》2008,26(6)

选定广汉三星堆遗址的典型古水耕人为土,研究剖面的诊断层特性与形成过程,取得了以下主要研究结果:形成时期长、发育程度高的古水耕人为土,在土壤剖面形态和特性上,表现出明显的层次分化.同时水耕表层结构发育,犁底层适度紧实和有一定结构发育;水耕氧化还原层表现出物质的水耕淋淀及其转化特征等.深化了水耕人为土诊断层及其形成过程的认识.对高肥力水耕人为土的培育,以及在水耕人为土系统分类研究上取得进展,都有一定意义.  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal variability of farm size in China in context of rapid urbanization     

TAN Minghong  Guy M ROBINSON  LI Xiubin  XIN Liangjie 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2013,23(5):607-619

During the last 30 years,China has witnessed rapid economic growth and dramatic urbanization,with about 1.2 × 107rural people migrating annually into urban areas.Meanwhile,especially since 1995,the rural population has been declining,which is closely linked to land circulation and the increase in farm size in many villages.Increasing scale of farming operations is often regarded as a key to avoiding the abandonment of farmland and to increasing the income of rural farmers.However,until now,there has been little research on the spatial and temporal variability of farm size at the national level in China.Using data from the national agricultural census and rural household surveys,this study examines the characteristics of land use circulation and the consequent changes in the area of farmland per household.The results show that: 1) 12.2% of rural households were involved in land circulation at the national level.The highest amounts of land circulation have occurred in those provinces where the farmland per capita is more than 0.2 ha or less than 0.1 ha;2) over 80% of households operate less than 0.6 ha of farmland;3) the proportion of mid-sized farms(between 0.2 ha and 0.6 ha per household) has decreased while the smallest and the largest farms have increased.This bears some similarity with the phenomenon known as the ′disappearing middle′,referring to the changes in farm size.This study establishes a framework for interpreting the factors affecting the changes in farm size in China,which include two promoting factors(urbanization and agriculture) and four hindering factors(agricultual land system,household registration,stable clan system,and farmland loss).  相似文献   

乡村人口迁出对生态脆弱地区植被覆被的影响——以内蒙古自治区为例   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  

李仕冀  李秀彬  谈明洪 《地理学报》2015,70(10):1622-1631

生态脆弱地区的生态环境状况改善和治理一直是各级政府部门和学者关注的焦点问题。过去10余年,中国城镇化进程发展迅速,生态脆弱地区乡村劳动力大量迁出。那么劳动力人口迁出会在多大程度上影响脆弱地区植被覆被状况的变化呢?本研究利用2000-2010年的NDVI数据、气象观测数据和社会经济数据,采用趋势线分析、显著性检验和多元回归分析等方法,对内蒙古地区植被覆被状况的变化进行了分析,并在县级尺度上定量评估了乡村劳动力人口迁移对区域植被覆被状况的影响。结果表明：① 2000-2010年,内蒙古自治区植被覆被总体呈上升趋势,其中超过28%的地区植被覆被状况显著改善,只有约2%的地区存在较强的退化趋势;② 植被覆被显著退化的地区呈条带状分布于内蒙古自治区中部农牧交错带北部边缘;植被覆被显著改善的地区主要位于内蒙古自治区的东南部与西部地区;③ 2000-2010年,农业劳动力对植被覆被状况的影响已经超过了气候等自然因素的作用,农业劳动力迁出对植被覆被状况提高有显著的促进作用。  相似文献   

Change in sediment load of the Yangtze River after Wenchuan earthquake     

Genwei Cheng  Xiubin He  Guirong Chen  Heping Tao 《山地科学学报》2010,7(1):100-104

On May 12, 2008, an earthquake of 8.0 magnitude on the Richter scale and its numerous aftershocks devastatingly hit Wenchuan County and its nearby region along the Longman Mountains in Sichuan Province, China. The heavy ruined area was up to 30,000 km2 and 13% of its land surface was denuded by the extremely terrible quakes. The mountain collapses, landslides and debris flows induced by the earthquake not only scared the landscape at the immense scale, but also poured 1.66-billion-m3 sediment combined with offscourings and rubble into the Yangtze River and its breaches. This amount of sediments is 3 times more than the normal amount discharged into the Yangtze River, and will significantly increase sediment transportation of rivers and decrease storage capacities of reservoirs downstream. The dramatic increase in sediment load will imperil the engineering safety and impact the operation of the giant Three-Gorge Hydro-power Station if no proper prevention measures are taken.  相似文献