Evaluating climate change adaptation efforts on the US 50 states’ hazard mitigation plans     

Qiao Hu  Zhenghong Tang  Lei Zhang  Yuanyuan Xu  Xiaolin Wu  Ligang Zhang 《Natural Hazards》2018,92(2):783-804

Climate change brings uncertain risks of climate-related natural hazards. The US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA in Climate change: long-term trends and their implications for emergency management, 2011. https://www.fema.gov/pdf/about/programs/oppa/climate_change_paper.pdf) has issued a policy directive to integrate climate change adaptation actions into hazard mitigation programs, policies, and plans. However, to date there has been no comprehensive empirical study to examine the extent to which climate change issues are integrated into state hazard mitigation plans (SHMPs). This study develops 18 indicators to examine the extent of climate change considerations in the 50 SHMPs. The results demonstrate that these SHMPs treat climate change issues in an uneven fashion, with large variations present among the 50 states. The overall plan quality for climate change considerations was sustained at an intermediate level with regard to climate change-related awareness, analysis, and actions. The findings confirm that climate change concepts and historic extreme events have been well recognized by the majority of SHMPs. Even though they are not specific to climate change, mitigation and adaptation strategies that can help reduce climate change risks have been adopted in these plans. However, the plans still lack a detailed assessment of climate change and more incentives for collaboration strategies beyond working with emergency management agencies.  相似文献   

长白山苔原带土壤温度与肥力随海拔的变化特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

高雅芳  王雷  杜海波  吴正方  杨岳  郭湘宇  李思其 《冰川冻土》2018,40(4):702-714

土壤温度与土壤肥力的分解释放、植被生长密切相关。利用2015年8月至2017年6月长白山西坡苔原带5 cm土壤温度并测试其土壤肥力,分析了土壤温度与肥力随海拔的变化特征及土壤温度对苔原带肥力的影响。结果表明：（1）长白山西坡苔原带土壤最热月为8月,最冷月为1、2月。长白山西坡苔原带土壤年均温随海拔的升高而下降,垂直变化率为-0.44℃·（100m）^-1。月均温垂直变化率则有所差别,5-9月垂直变化率为正,其余月份垂直变化率为负。（2）海拔是土壤温度空间分异的主要影响因素,冷季土壤温度随海拔升高而显著降低。随着海拔升高,越稀疏的植被和越薄的土层使得土壤热容量越小,暖季土壤温度随海拔升高而显著升高。（3）长白山西坡苔原带土壤肥力,尤其是与植物生长关系密切的速效养分随海拔升高表现出先升高再降低,在植物多样性和丰富度及草本植物盖度最高的2 250 m处达到土壤肥力最高水平。低海拔（2 050~2 250 m）的土壤肥力水平明显高于高海拔（2 350~2 550 m）的土壤肥力水平。西坡苔原带土壤肥力的空间分异状况受草本植物入侵影响较大。（4）长白山西坡苔原带土壤肥力水平随土壤温度升高而升高,温度是土壤有机质分解和矿物质养分转化的限制性因素。建议山地苔原带生态系统生产和生态管理中要重点考虑草本植被入侵给土壤肥力带来的影响。  相似文献   

黔东南凯里-榕江-从江前寒武系甚低级变质作用研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

安佳丽  王河锦  苑蕾 《岩石学报》2018,34(3):669-684

根据碎屑岩甚低级变质作用原理,运用伊利石结晶度、绿泥石结晶度、伊利石-白云母多型、伊利石(白云母)b_0值、绿泥石温度计等碎屑岩低温变质研究的方法,分析研究了黔东南前寒武系67个2μm的粘土样品,得到黔东南凯里-榕江-从江一带下江群伊利石结晶度为0.221~0.607°Δ2θCu Kα、绿泥石结晶度为0.239~1.393°Δ2θCu Kα,变质带伊利石-白云母多型均为2M_1型,伊利石(白云母)b_0值为0.9001~0.9048nm,平均0.9021nm。根据伊利石(白云母)b_0值的累积频率曲线得出研究区下江群遭受的变质作用为典型的中压变质类型。由Cathelineau(1988)绿泥石温度计估算出下江群浅变质带峰期变质温度为362~382℃。以上结果表明凯里-榕江-从江一带下江群经历了成岩-高近变质-浅变质作用,基于Warr和Rice标样的成岩/变质界限,剖面可划分为一个成岩带、两个近变质带、一个转变带和一个浅变质带。结合华南地区新元古代构造运动,推断新元古界下江群经历的成岩-变质作用与晋宁运动引起的扬子地块与华夏地块碰撞拼贴有关。  相似文献   

江南造山带黄金洞金矿床成矿机制:矿物形成环境与金成矿物理化学条件制约   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0  

孙思辰  张良  吴圣刚  高磊  彭劲松  文亭 《岩石学报》2018,34(5):1469-1483

黄金洞超大型金矿床位于江南造山带中段,赋存于新元古界浅变质岩系中,受控于NNE-NE向长平断裂带,金资源储量达100吨。该矿床可由南至北分为金福、金塘、杨山庄和曲溪矿段,主要矿化类型有石英-硫化物脉型、构造角砾岩型和黄铁毒砂绢英岩型。金属矿物主要发育有自然金、毒砂、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、磁黄铁矿等;非金属矿物有石英、绢云母、方解石和菱铁矿等,其中金主要以自然金与不可见金形式存在。根据野外与镜下观察,金成矿作用分为Ⅰ石英-金-毒砂-黄铁矿、Ⅱ石英-金-多金属硫化物-白钨矿和Ⅲ石英-辉锑矿-绿泥石3个阶段,前二者为主要成矿阶段。曲溪矿段Ⅱ阶段毒砂相对不发育、而磁黄铁矿和自然金显著发育,绿泥石主要发育于Ⅲ阶段中,与辉锑矿及闪锌矿共生。根据不同矿段各阶段毒砂与Ⅲ阶段绿泥石成分,计算其温度、lgf(S_2)与lgf(O_2),可见Ⅰ阶段成矿温度与硫逸度高于Ⅱ阶段:杨山庄矿段两阶段成矿温度分别为300～378℃、260～300℃,lgf(S_2)分别为-11～-7.2、-11.9～-10.1;金塘两阶段成矿温度为240～311℃、245～298℃;金福Ⅱ阶段成矿温度上限为297℃;曲溪矿段成矿温度为268～368℃,Ⅱ阶段毒砂lgf(S_2)与Ⅲ阶段绿泥石lgf(O_2)分别为-13.2～-8.7、-50.9～-40.1。根据不同阶段矿物之间的相互关系及成矿温度与硫逸度演化特征,推断Ⅰ、Ⅱ成矿阶段伴随强烈的硫化作用,金以类质同象方式进入毒砂和黄铁矿中,形成不可见金;其中Ⅱ阶段由于成矿流体压力骤降,含金流体发生相分离作用,H2S等气体大量逃逸,导致成矿流体中硫含量骤降,加以硫化作用持续消耗流体中的硫,促进了含金络合物分解与自然金的沉淀。  相似文献   

南阿尔金泥盆纪中基性杂岩体的成因及其地质意义研究     

张魁  刘良  王超  康磊  盖永升  廖小莹  马拓  赵国军 《岩石学报》2018,34(8):2481-2500

出露于南阿尔金西段的塔什萨依辉长岩和闪长岩及其内花岗质细脉是古生代多期岩浆活动的产物,它们构成了南阿尔金俯冲碰撞杂岩带的一部分,是深入探讨该地区构造演化过程的良好材料。本文通过对这些地质体野外地质特征、岩石学、地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年代学和锆石Hf同位素特征的系统研究,以期确定其形成时代、源区性质和岩石成因,为深入探讨南阿尔金俯冲碰撞杂岩带的演化过程提供进一步约束。本文研究表明:辉长岩和闪长岩具相对较高的SiO_2含量(50.4%~53.5%)和Mg#(57~80),低的K_2O/Na_2O比值(0.17~0.67),为钙碱性系列岩石;辉长岩的∑REE偏低(36.9×10~(-6)~83.1×10~(-6)),Eu正异常(δEu=1.17~1.85);闪长岩∑REE稍高(182×10~(-6)~190×10~(-6)),Eu负异常(δEu=0.85~0.86);二者相对富集LREE和LILE,亏损HFSE。其主量元素特征、微量元素(高Nb、Zr含量,低Zr/Y比值)、锆石Hf同位素和Sr-Nd同位素组成表明二者应为大陆板内伸展背景下软流圈交代的岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物,并在其岩浆演化过程中经历了地壳混染和分离结晶作用。花岗质细脉具高的Si O2含量(72.4%～75.5%)和K_2O/Na_2O比值(2.33～2.56),属于钾玄岩系列岩石;与闪长岩相比,两者微量元素蛛网图相似,但花岗质细脉轻重稀土分馏程度较大,Eu负异常(δEu=0.55～0.61)和P、Ti的亏损更加显著。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,辉长岩形成时代约为400～420Ma;闪长岩和其内花岗质细脉的形成时代基本一致,约为400Ma,并具有相似的锆石Hf同位素组成和Sr-Nd同位素组成,结合地球化学特征及野外产状,推测花岗质细脉为闪长岩分异的产物。结合南阿尔金区域地质背景综合分析,塔什萨依辉长岩和闪长岩起源于造山后伸展背景下软流圈交代的岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,并经历了地壳混染和分离结晶作用;而闪长岩进一步分异形成花岗质细脉,并在其形成过程中可能伴随少量壳源熔融物质的加入。  相似文献   

A review of advances in China’s flash flood early-warning system   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Changjun Liu  Liang Guo  Lei Ye  Shunfu Zhang  Yanzeng Zhao  Tianyu Song 《Natural Hazards》2018,92(2):619-634

This paper summarizes the main flash flood early-warning systems of America, Europe, Japan, and Taiwan China and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The latest development in flash flood prevention is also presented. China’s flash flood prevention system involves three stages. Herein, the warning methods and achievements in the first two stages are introduced in detail. Based on the worldwide experience of flash flood early-warning systems, the general research idea of the third stage is proposed from the viewpoint of requirements for flash flood prevention and construction progress of the next stage in China. Real-time dynamic warning systems can be applied to the early-warning platform at four levels (central level, provincial level, municipal level, and county level) . Through this, soil moisture, peak flow, and water level can be calculated in real-time using distributed hydrological models, and then flash flood warning indexes can be computed based on defined thresholds of runoff and water level. A compound warning index (CWI) can be applied to regions where rainfall and water level are measured by simple equipment. In this manner, flash-flood-related factors such as rainfall intensity and antecedent and cumulative rainfall depths can be determined using the CWI method. The proposed methodology for the third stage could support flash flood prevention measures in the 13th 5-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China (2016–2020). The research achievements will serve as a guidance for flash flood monitoring and warning as well as flood warning in medium and small rivers.  相似文献   

Carbon dioxide emission reduction quota allocation study on Chinese provinces based on two-stage Shapley information entropy model     

Kejia Yang  Yalin Lei  Weiming Chen  Lingna Liu 《Natural Hazards》2018,91(1):321-335

Chinese central government made a commitment to achieve a 40–45% reduction in carbon dioxide (CO₂) per unit of GDP by 2020 compared with 2005. This targeted reduction was allocated averagely among all the provinces rather than individually according to different situations of each province. Though some research has been done regarding this rough allocation, two shortcomings in previous studies exist: Firstly, CO₂ marginal abatement cost (MAC) has been ignored as one of the CO₂ emission reduction allocation indexes. Secondly, either subjective or objective method has been used rather than comprehensively of both subjective and objective method to calculate the weight of each index in the previous studies. In order to fill the gaps, this paper builds a two-stage Shapley information entropy model to allocate CO₂ emission reduction quota among the Chinese provinces based on the equity and efficiency principles. Afterward, three CO₂ emission reduction quota allocation scenarios have been proposed. The results show that the CO₂ MAC is an indispensable index in CO₂ emission reduction quota allocation, because its value of CO₂ Shapley information entropy is the highest among five indexes. CO₂ emission reduction quota of lower-MAC provinces should be allocated larger, while the quota of higher-MAC provinces should be allocated smaller. Therefore, two suggested policies have been proposed: First, differential CO₂ emission reduction quota allocation should be proposed. Second, synergetic development should be promoted.  相似文献   

塔里木溢流玄武岩火山通道的三维结构及其热成因气体释放   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

王磊  田伟  魏子寒  弓明月  李晓敏 《岩石学报》2018,34(1):75-90

塔里木上奥陶统-志留系沉积地层中广泛发育早二叠世溢流玄武岩的火山通道相岩床-岩墙网络。三维地震数据解释结果显示,这些火山通道以平行围岩地层的岩床和斜切围岩地层的"碟状岩床"为主要特征。在玄武岩喷发过程中,火山通道岩浆的热量可以导致沉积围岩发生热接触变质并将沉积围岩中的有机质转化为"热成因气体"。在塔北英买2井区火山通道烘烤沉积围岩模型基础上,利用有限元热模拟方法确定了该区早二叠世玄武岩喷发时火山通道热烘烤影响范围随时间的变化。基于沉积围岩有机质丰度估算,该区热烘烤成因甲烷释放量可达11.3Gt(即113亿吨)。如果整个塔里木溢流玄武岩省具有与英买2地区相同的释放强度,则塔里木溢流玄武岩省活动期间释放的甲烷总量可达7062.5Gt,必然导致非常显著的环境效应。同时,玄武岩火山通道岩浆引起的热接触变质作用对已存在的油藏具有明显的破坏作用,塔里木盆地古生界总量约8~10Gt的油藏破坏和大量沥青的形成可能与此有关。  相似文献   

高密度电法在草炭土分布特征调查中的应用     

郑云超  佴磊  徐燕  王宏 《世界地质》2018,37(1):259-266

为了更好的研究草炭土湿地基本信息,获取草炭土分布特征,选择吉林省东部沼泽草炭土湿地为研究对象,运用高密度电阻率法,对比不同装置下探测结果的差异,再与已知的探槽资料做对比,得出温纳—施伦贝格装置为最可靠、最合理的探测装置。再将该装置运用到其他草炭土地区,得出对草炭土湿地的探测为浅层地质问题,草炭土的视电阻率为50~300Ω·m,深度为1.2~3.9 m,在反演图像中表现为低阻体部分,各地层间层状结构明显,电性界限分明。  相似文献   

江西兴国县偏酸性地下水研究现状     

宋绵  龚磊  王新峰  李甫成  马涛 《地球学报》2018,39(5):581-586

兴国县浅层地下水为各城镇和农村的主要饮用水源,浅层地下水中酸性地下水(p H6.5)分布范围占全区面积的1/2,区域地下水酸化现象较为明显,已成为该地区安全用水问题之一。中国地质调查局根据原国土资源部的统一部署,于2017年启动了兴国水文地质调查工作。基于768组地下水现场水质测试和80组相关水化学分析资料,本文研究了兴国县偏酸性地下水的分布特征及其影响因素。结果发现:pH6.5的偏酸性地下水分布普遍,主要分布于花岗岩类裂隙水中,地下水pH值受当地酸雨影响明显,与酸性土壤分布吻合,与含水介质类型密切相关,随地下水位埋深的增加,pH值增大。本研究对正确认识偏酸性地下水分布特征与影响因素,促进城镇农村居民安全用水,为预防地下水酸化污染具有重要意义。  相似文献