Is the Israeli Negev a viable alternative to the Suez Canal?     

Yehuda Gradus 《Geoforum》1977,8(1):29-32

The cargo movement over the continental bridge annually since 1970 is shown in Table 2. These figures should be compared with the (dry) volume of trade via Eilat annually (see third column of the same table) and they include the traffic via the continental bridge. From this table it is clear that the amount of cargo in transit over the bridge was not a major component of the total traffic through Eilat.  相似文献   

The med-dead sea project — A vision or reality?     

Eliahu Stern  Yehuda Gradus 《Geoforum》1981,12(3):265-272

The dramatic proposal to link the Mediterranean Sea to the Dead Sea by a canal or tunnel, for the purpose of power generation, is currently being investigated in Israel. This paper examines the various route alignments which have been advocated and suggests that the two Southern routes present the potentially greatest advantages. These are then discussed at greater detail, and attention directed to outlining the range of possible economic advantages as well as potential ecological impacts.  相似文献   

On free oscillations of the earth   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Z. S. Alterman  Y. Eyal  A. M. Merzer 《Surveys in Geophysics》1974,1(4):409-428

This survey concerns mostly the theory of free oscillations, with a section on experimental work included at the end. Developments over the last 15 years are examined. The general theory of free oscillations is reviewed, and the effect on free oscillations of such factors as heterogeneity, the Earth's rotation and non-sphericity, and the source of the oscillations are discussed. Earth models, which have been obtained from oscillation data, are reviewed, and their use in forming theoretical seismograms is described.See note at p. 426.Note  相似文献   

A theoretical model for reverse water-level fluctuations induced by transient permeability in thrust fault zones   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Eyal Stanislavsky  Grant Garven 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2003,210(3-4):579-586

A numerical model was applied to simulate the poroelastic response to changes in fault permeability as a result of earthquakes. The ‘fault valve’ model describes faults as impermeable barriers for fluids except immediately after earthquakes, when fault zones are damaged and transient pathways for fluids are created. In this case the fault is viewed as a discharging well, draining fluids from the surrounding rock. The reverse water-level effect is characterized by the increase of water level in adjacent aquifers and aquitards, resulting from withdrawing fluids through a well. Theoretical calculations suggest that the reverse water-level effect exists also in earthquake cycling and is in the same order of magnitude as the co-seismic hydraulic head change. A significant rise of the hydraulic head (>1 m) occurs within the country rock from both sides of the fault. The rise of the water level takes months to years to occur, and perhaps that is why it cannot be easily distinguished from seasonal hydrologic changes observed in the field. The reverse water-level effect also propagates away from the fault at a rate of hundreds of meters per year, depending on the permeability of the country rock. In deep formations where the permeability is low, the propagation takes years. The magnitude of the reverse water-level effect is greater when the fault efficiently drains fluids, when it is highly permeable and slow to reseal.  相似文献   

Dynamical System Analysis and Forecasting of Deformation Produced by an Earthquake Fault     

Marian Anghel  Yehuda Ben-Zion  Ramiro Rico-Martinez 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2004,161(9-10):2023-2051

— We present a method of constructing low-dimensional nonlinear models describing the main dynamical features of a discrete 2-D cellular fault zone, with many degrees of freedom, embedded in a 3-D elastic solid. A given fault system is characterized by a set of parameters that describe the dynamics, rheology, property disorder, and fault geometry. Depending on the location in the system parameter space, we show that the coarse dynamics of the fault can be confined to an attractor whose dimension is significantly smaller than the space in which the dynamics takes place. Our strategy of system reduction is to search for a few coherent structures that dominate the dynamics and to capture the interaction between these coherent structures. The identification of the basic interacting structures is obtained by applying the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) to the surface deformation fields that accompany strike-slip faulting accumulated over equal time intervals. We use a feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) architecture for the identification of the system dynamics projected onto the subspace (model space) spanned by the most energetic coherent structures. The ANN is trained using a standard back-propagation algorithm to predict (map) the values of the observed model state at a future time, given the observed model state at the present time. This ANN provides an approximate, large-scale, dynamical model for the fault. The map can be evaluated once to provide a short-term predictions or iterated to obtain a prediction for the long-term fault dynamics.  相似文献   

Book review     

Peter Molnar  John D. Weeks  Claude J. Allegre  Yehuda Bock  Stephen K. Dobos  Leszek Czechowski  Kacper R. Rybicki  Krzysztof Haman 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1987,125(4):679-698

  相似文献   

Estimating crustal deformations from a combination of baseline measurements and geophysical models     

Yehuda Bock 《Journal of Geodesy》1983,57(1-4):294-311

The estimation of crustal deformations from repeated baseline measurements is a singular problem in the absence of prior information. One often applied solution is a free adjustment in which the singular normal matrix is augmented with a set of inner constraints. These constraints impose no net translation nor rotation for the estimated deformations X which may not be physically meaningful for a particular problem. The introduction of an available geophysical model from which an expected deformation vector \(\bar X\) and its covariance matrix \(\sum _{\bar X} \) can be computed will direct X to a physically more meaningful solution. Three possible estimators are investigated for estimating deformations from a combination of baseline measurements and geophysical models.  相似文献   

Geological Observations of Damage Asymmetry in the Structure of the San Jacinto, San Andreas and Punchbowl Faults in Southern California: A Possible Indicator for Preferred Rupture Propagation Direction   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ory Dor  Thomas K. Rockwell  Yehuda Ben-Zion 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(2-3):301-349

We present new in situ observations of systematic asymmetry in the pattern of damage expressed by fault zone rocks along sections of the San Andreas, San Jacinto, and Punchbowl faults in southern California. The observed structural asymmetry has consistent manifestations at a fault core scale of millimeters to meters, a fault zone scale of meters to tens of meters and related geomorphologic features. The observed asymmetric signals are in agreement with other geological and geophysical observations of structural asymmetry in a damage zone scale of tens to hundreds of meters. In all of those scales, more damage is found on the side of the fault with faster seismic velocities at seismogenic depths. The observed correlation between the damage asymmetry and local seismic velocity structure is compatible with theoretical predictions associated with preferred propagation direction of earthquake ruptures along faults that separate different crustal blocks. The data are consistent with a preferred northwestward propagation direction for ruptures on all three faults. If our results are supported by additional observations, asymmetry of structural properties determined in field studies can be utilized to infer preferred propagation direction of large earthquake ruptures along a given fault section. The property of a preferred rupture direction can explain anomalous behavior of historic rupture events, and may have profound implications for many aspects of earthquake physics on large faults.  相似文献   

Temporal Changes of Shallow Seismic Velocity Around the Karadere-Düzce Branch of the North Anatolian Fault and Strong Ground Motion     

Zhigang Peng  Yehuda Ben-Zion 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(2-3):567-600

We analyze temporal variations of seismic velocity along the Karadere-Düzce branch of the north Anatolian fault using seismograms generated by repeating earthquake clusters in the aftershock zones of the 1999 M_w7.4 İzmit and M_w7.1 Düzce earthquakes. The analysis employs 36 sets of highly repeating earthquakes, each containing 4–18 events. The events in each cluster are relocated by detailed multi-step analysis and are likely to rupture approximately the same fault patch at different times. The decay rates of the repeating events in individual clusters are compatible with the Omori's law for the decay rate of regional aftershocks. A sliding window waveform cross-correlation technique is used to measure travel time differences and evolving decorrelation in waveforms generated by each set of the repeating events. We find clear step-like delays in the direct S and early S-coda waves (sharp seismic velocity reduction) immediately after the Düzce main shock, followed by gradual logarithmic-type recoveries. A gradual increase of seismic velocities is also observed before the Düzce main shock, probably reflecting post-seismic recovery from the earlier İzmit main shock. The temporal behavior is similar at each station for clusters at various source locations, indicating that the temporal changes of material properties occur in the top most portion of the crust. The effects are most prominent at stations situated in the immediate vicinity of the recently ruptured fault zones, and generally decrease with normal distance from the fault. A strong correlation between the co-seismic delays and intensities of the strong ground motion generated by the Düzce main shock implies that the radiated seismic waves produced the velocity reductions in the shallow material.  相似文献   

Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones     

Yehuda Ben-Zion  Charles Sammis 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2009,166(10-11):1533-1536

  相似文献