Production of P(3HB‐co‐3HHx) with Controlled Compositions by Recombinant Cupriavidus necator Re2058/pCB113 from Renewable Resources          下载免费PDF全文

Paramasivam Murugan  Pragya Chhajer  Akihiko Kosugi  Takamitsu Arai  Christopher J. Brigham  Kumar Sudesh 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2016,44(9):1234-1241

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Characteristics of stemflow for tall stewartia (Stewartia monadelpha) growing on a hillslope     

Wei-Li Liang  Ken&#x;ichirou Kosugi  Takahisa Mizuyama 《Journal of Hydrology》2009,378(1-2):168-178

The characteristics of stemflow were observed in a tall stewartia (Stewartia monadelpha) deciduous forest on a hillslope in central Japan, revealing new findings for a previously unreported type of deciduous forest. Using 2-year observations of 250 rainfall events, we analyzed seasonal and spatial variations in stemflow for several trees, and applied additional data sets of throughfall and plant area index (PAI) to produce a rough estimate of seasonal variations in rainfall redistribution processes and canopy architecture for a single tree. Compared to previous findings for other deciduous tree species, the ratios of throughfall, stemflow, and interception to open-area rainfall obviously varied with PAI changes for tall stewartia. Meteorological conditions of rainfall amount, rainfall intensity, wind speed, and wind direction had little effect on stemflow generation, which was mainly affected by variation in canopy architecture. Three novel characteristics of stemflow were identified for several tall stewartia trees. First, the yearly stemflow ratio at the forest-stand level for tall stewartia (12%) was high compared to previous findings on beech and oak stands, indicating tall stewartia has considerably high potential to generate a great amount of stemflow. Second, stemflow tended to be 1.3–2.0 times greater in the leafed period than in the leafless period. Third, the amount of stemflow was 12–132 times greater on the downslope side of the stem than on the upslope side. It likely caused by the uneven area between the upslope and downslope sides of the canopy and by asymmetrical stemflow pathways between the upslope and downslope sides of the trunk due to downslope tilting of the tree trunk.  相似文献   

A demineralization mechanism for Lake Balkhash     

Yoshiko Kawabata  Tsuneo Tsukatani  Yukio Katayama 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1999,8(2):99-112

Lake Balkhash is one of the many closed lakes in Central Asia. Mechanisms of demineralization in Lake Balkhash were considered from results of surveys undertaken on the lake and along the Ili River. Electrical conductivity (EC) values at the eastern coast in south-western Lake Balkhash were higher than those of the western coast. The Ili River enters at the south-western corner of the lake, so that EC values of this area are low. This water flows westwards. The distribution of Ca₂₊ concentrations showed that these were lower value in Lake Balkhash than along the Ili River, implying Ca₂₊ removal by the lake. Amongst suspended mineral matter in the lake occur calcite and dolomite. Thus, a possible mechanism of calcium removal is that it is removed as crystals of calcite or dolomite. SO ₄ ^2– concentration within the lake has increased for the past 37 years. This may be caused by the discharge into the lake from the city of Balkhash of waste water from a copper smelter.  相似文献   

Source structure of gradual rise and fall bursts at 17 GHz     

K. Kai  T. Kosugi  H. Nakajima 《Solar physics》1982,78(2):243-252

From 200 GRF (gradual rise and fall) bursts which have been recorded with the 17 GHz interferometer at Nobeyama, we deduce the following characteristics of GRF bursts: (1) Sources of GRF bursts are broader, less circularly polarized than those of impulsive bursts. (2) The sources are potentially of bipolar structure and have the peak brightness near the position at which the sense of circular polarization changes. (3) The association of GRF bursts with type III bursts, which are indicative of nonthermal electron acceleration, is significantly poorer than that of impulsive bursts.It is suggested that the sources of GRF bursts or generally of thermal bursts lie relatively high in the solar atmosphere possibly near the top of magnetic loops or arches which divide two regions of opposite magnetic polarity.  相似文献   

Type II–IV radio bursts and compact and diffuse white-light clouds in the outer corona of December 14, 1971     

Takeo Kosugi 《Solar physics》1976,48(2):339-356

The radio observations of type II–IV bursts on December 14, 1971 are analyzed. These radio events were associated with a H-spray or eruptive prominence, and later followed by several compact moving clouds observed with the NRL white-light coronagraph aboard OSO-7. There was also observed a diffuse expanding cloud behind the compact moving clouds.From the comparison of the interferometer observation of the bursts with the optical observation, it is strongly suggested that the compact moving clouds were likely to be the optical counterparts of the sources of moving type IV radio emission. This fact suggests that the magnetic bubbles were really produced in the flare process. The frequency-drift of the first group of type II bursts was so rapid, that we could neither identify the type II shock with the leading edge of the diffuse expanding cloud nor interpret it as the piston-driven shock of the latter. Because of the uncertainty of the velocities of the compact clouds due to the projection effect, the possibility that the type II shock was the piston-driven shock of the compact clouds cannot be excluded. Nevertheless we suggest that the type II shock was a blast type MHD shock and had no direct physical relation to the flare-associated mass-ejection processes. The relation between the type II–IV bursts and the interplanetary shock is also discussed.  相似文献   

Soil pore characteristics of evergreen and deciduous forests of the tropical monsoon region in Cambodia     

Jumpei Toriyama  Seiichi Ohta  Makoto Araki  Ken'ichirou Kosugi  Tatsuhiko Nobuhiro  Naoki Kabeya  Akira Shimizu  Koji Tamai  Mamoru Kanzaki  Sophal Chann 《水文研究》2011,25(5):714-726

Both evergreen and deciduous forests (Efs and Dfs) are widely distributed under similar climatic conditions in tropical monsoon regions. To clarify the hydraulic properties of the soil matrix in different forest types and their effects on soil water storage capacity, the soil pore characteristics (SPC) were investigated in Ef and Df stands in three provinces in Cambodia. Soils in the Ef group were characterized in common by large amounts of coarse pores with moderate pore size distribution and the absence of an extremely low K_s at shallow depths, compared to Df group soils. The mean available water capacity of the soil matrix (AWC_sm) for all horizons of the Ef and Df group soils was 0·107 and 0·146 m³ m^?3, respectively. The mean coarse pore volume of the soil matrix (CPV_sm) in the Ef and Df groups was 0·231 and 0·115 m³ m^?3, respectively. A water flow simulation using a lognormal distribution model for rain events in the early dry season indicated that variation in SPC resulted in a larger increase in available soil water in Ef soils than in Df soils. Further study on deeper soil layers in Ef and each soil type in Df is necessary for the deeper understanding of the environmental conditions and the hydrological modelling of each forest ecosystem. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Evaluation of radiation-damage halos in quartz by cathodoluminescence as a geochronological tool     

T. Okumura  H. Nishido  S. Toyoda  T. Kaneko  S. Kosugi  Y. Sawada  K. Komuro 《Quaternary Geochronology》2008,3(4):342-345

Detailed quantitative cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging analysis was carried out for radiation-damage halos observed by CL (CL halo) created in natural quartz by implantation of 4 MeV He⁺ ions. The band of CL halo was approximately 14 μm in width and was constant for any He⁺ ion dose. The width of the halo is consistent with the theoretical range of ⁴He ions in quartz. A quantitative response of CL intensity to He⁺ ion dose was obtained, leading to the application of CL halos to geodosimetrical use. The CL intensity increases exponentially in the luminescent band from the implantation surface to the inside, until it reaches a maximum at 14 μm depth, with a rapid decrease beyond this point. This result is as predicted by Bragg's law, although we find some differences between the CL intensity and the theoretical stopping power.  相似文献   

Water and heat fluxes above a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia     

Satoru Takanashi  Yoshiko Kosugi  Shinjiro Ohkubo  Naoko Matsuo  Makoto Tani  Abdul Rahim Nik 《水文研究》2010,24(4):472-480

We measured the fluxes of sensible and latent heat between a low‐land dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia and the atmosphere. No clear seasonal or interannual changes in latent heat flux were found from 2003 to 2005, while sensible heat flux sometimes fluctuated depending on the fluctuation of incoming radiation between wet and dry seasons. The evapotranspiration rates averaged for the period between 2003 and 2005 were 2·77 and 3·61 mm day^?1 using eddy covariance data without and with an energy balance correction, respectively. Average precipitation was 4·74 mm day^?1. Midday surface conductance decreased with an increasing atmospheric water vapour pressure deficit and thus restricted the excess water loss on sunny days in the dry season. However, the relationship between the surface conductance and vapour pressure deficit did not significantly decline with an increase in volumetric soil water content even during a period of extremely low rainfall. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The Effect of the CO32- to Ca2+ Ion activity ratio on calcite precipitation kinetics and Sr2+ partitioning     

Gebrehiwet TA  Redden GD  Fujita Y  Beig MS  Smith RW 《Geochemical transactions》2012,13(1):1

Background  

A proposed strategy for immobilizing trace metals in the subsurface is to stimulate calcium carbonate precipitation and incorporate contaminants by co-precipitation. Such an approach will require injecting chemical amendments into the subsurface to generate supersaturated conditions that promote mineral precipitation. However, the formation of reactant mixing zones will create gradients in both the saturation state and ion activity ratios (i.e., ). To better understand the effect of ion activity ratios on CaCO₃ precipitation kinetics and Sr²⁺ co-precipitation, experiments were conducted under constant composition conditions where the supersaturation state (Ω) for calcite was held constant at 9.4, but the ion activity ratio was varied between 0.0032 and 4.15.  相似文献   

Numerical analysis of soil pipe effects on hillslope water dynamics     

Raj H. Sharma  Heinz Konietzky  Ken’ichirou Kosugi 《Acta Geotechnica》2010,5(1):33-42

Soil pipes are considered to drain off water from a hillslope and play an important role in the subsurface runoff generation process, thus reducing the slope failure susceptibility. However, soil pipes are also often detected on the collapsed slope suggesting that they might act to induce slope instability. To examine how the soil pipes act on pore-water pressure generation and on a slope failure processes, a numerical model was developed. The model was used to test the response of pore-water pressure in a hillslope with soil pipes of different cross-sectional areas, lengths, distances from the impermeable bed, roughness, and hillslope angles. The model was also tested to find the response of open soil pipe if blocked. The study reveals that pipes reduce pore-water pressure (measured closed to bed) around its upstream end and increase around its downstream end if compared with no pipe case. Pore-water pressure at downstream end is increased with increase in hillslope angle, pipe cross-sectional area, pipe length, or depth of soil pipe. Soil pipe, even if it is ended within the hillslope, increases the total discharge from hillslope. Location of rough soil also affects the discharge and pressure within the hillslope. If the less rough pipe is close to the source of water, discharge from hillslope matrix is greater regardless of its downstream pipe roughness. Blockage of small portion of open soil pipe increases the soil pressure around the region but not beyond the case if there is no soil pipe. However, complete collapse of soil pipe from a point to all along the downstream end of hillslope increases the pore-water pressure beyond the pressure if there were no soil pipes. Therefore, the position and type of soil pipe collapse might play an important role in shallow landslide initiation.  相似文献