中国沿海增减水的变化特征及与海平面变化的关系     

王慧  刘克修  范文静  张增建  徐姗姗  刘首华 《海洋学报》2017,39(6):10-20

本文通过对中国沿海25个观测站水位资料的分析,初步探讨了中国沿海1980-2012年增减水的变化特征及与海平面变化的关系。结果表明:（1）中国沿海增减水的季节变化特征明显,相邻站由于受到的气象状况相同,其沿海增减水变化的过程相近,但是变化幅度存在较大差异。从空间分布看,沿海增减水的变化幅度呈现中间大南北小的区域特征,自长江口至广东沿海,增减水的年变化幅度最大,年变幅平均为5.0~7.5 cm;南海周边及北部湾沿海,增减水的年变化幅度次之,年变幅平均为4.0~5.5 cm;自渤海至黄海沿海,增减水的年变化幅度较小,年变幅平均为3.3~3.5 cm。（2）从时间变化看,1980-2012年中国沿海年平均增减水长期基本没有趋势性变化,但明显存在2至5年的周期性变化信号,该信号的震荡幅度为0.1 cm。经过高频滤波后,对沿海月平均增减水序列与Niño3.4指数进行相关性分析,相关系数为-0.5,该相关系数通过了显著性检验,说明中国沿海的增减水变化与ENSO事件呈现负相关关系。（3）中国沿海增减水的长期变化及空间分布特征均与海平面变化不同。1980-2012年,中国沿海海平面的上升速率为2.9 mm/a,而增减水长期基本无趋势性变化;另外,其季节变化与海平面的季节变化从时间和区域上均不存在一致性。（4）但是,短期海平面的变化与增减水有关,并且增减水对短期海平面的贡献根据其具体情况而定,增水幅度大且持续时间长的过程对短期海平面有抬升作用,其贡献率最大可达65%;反之,减水幅度大且持续时间长的过程则对短期海平面有降低的作用。  相似文献   

琼东南盆地北礁地区梅山组丘形反射特征     

李俞锋  蒲仁海  胡宝清  樊笑微  李斌  邓东  王飞  郭瑞川 《海洋学报》2017,39(12):53-62

目前琼东南盆地北礁凹陷中中新统梅山组顶部丘形反射引起广泛关注,但对其成因有不同认识。本文通过高精度二维、三维地震、钻井资料,研究丘形反射的特征。研究表明北礁地区梅山组顶部发育近东西向展布的长条形丘体,丘间为水道,丘内为中-弱振幅的地震反射,与西南部强振幅水道砂岩形成鲜明的对比,波阻抗反演揭示丘内为低波阻抗,属泥岩范畴。梅山组塑性丘内地层发生重力扩展,在其上覆的脆性地层（强振幅砂岩和弱振幅泥岩）发育多边形断层,反推出梅山组形成于深水环境,丘为泥丘,沉积环境分析也认为北礁凹陷中中新世为半深海沉积,梅山组的丘-谷分别对应上覆地层的谷-丘,认为是底流剥蚀/沉积成因。本文的研究对南海北部丘形反射的认识有重要意义,并可降低油气探勘风险。  相似文献   

辽河口邻近海域小型底栖生物的空间分布及季节变化   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

叶晟  孔飞  李宏俊  刘敏  李洪波  邵魁双  樊景凤  郭皓 《海洋学报》2017,39(10):78-89

本文研究了辽河口邻近海域2013年8月、10月和2014年5月3个航次小型底栖生物的种类及其空间分布,分析了小型底栖生物丰度和生物量的季节变化。结果表明,3个航次（夏季、秋季和春季）小型底栖生物的平均丰度分别为（264±83） ind/（10 cm2）、（216±85） ind/（10 cm2）和（227±67） ind/（10 cm2）,平均生物量分别为（272±125）μg/（10 cm2）、（207±89）μg/（10 cm2）和（244±103）μg/（10 cm2）。与其他研究海域相比,辽河口小型底栖的丰度和生物量处于较低水平。共鉴定出了14个小型生物类群,按照丰度排序,线虫是最优势的类群,夏季、秋季和春季3个航次占总丰度的比例分别为94.0%、92.5%和90.8%;其他优势类群为多毛类、桡足类和双壳类。小型底栖生物量的优势类群则为多毛类（41.1%~44.0%）,高于线虫（33.8%~36.5%）,其次是双壳类（2.6%~6.7%）。水平分布的研究表明,调查海域近岸入海口小型底栖生物的丰度和生物量普遍低于近海海域,但是秋季时近岸分布与近海差距不大。垂直分布的研究表明,95.9%的小型底栖生物分布于0~5 cm的表层沉积物中。小型底栖生物的丰度和生物量在夏季时都达到高峰值。与环境因子的相关分析表明,小型底栖生物的数量分布与盐度和水深呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与叶绿素a呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。  相似文献   

Exponential leap-forward gradient scheme for determining the isothermal layer depth from profile data     

Peter C. Chu  Chenwu Fan 《Journal of Oceanography》2017,73(4):503-526

Two distinct layers usually exist in the upper ocean. The first has a near-zero vertical gradient in temperature (or density) from the surface and is called the isothermal layer (or mixed layer). Beneath that is a layer with a strong vertical gradient in temperature (or density), called the thermocline (or pycnocline). The isothermal layer depth (ILD) or mixed layer depth (MLD) for the same profile varies depending on the method used to determine it. Also, whether they are subjective or objective, existing methods of determining the ILD do not estimate the thermocline (pycnocline) gradient. Here, we propose a new exponential leap-forward gradient (ELG) method of determining the ILD that retains the strengths of subjective (simplicity) and objective (gradient change) methods and avoids their weaknesses (subjective methods are threshold-sensitive and objective methods are computationally intensive). This new method involves two steps: (1) the estimation of the thermocline gradient G _th for an individual temperature profile, and (2) the computation of the vertical gradient by averaging over gradients using exponential leap-forward steps. Such averaging can filter out noise in the profile data. Five existing methods of determining the ILD (difference, gradient, maximum curvature, maximum angle, and optimal linear fitting methods) as well as the proposed ELG method were verified using global expendable bathythermograph (XBT) temperature and conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) datasets. Among all the methods considered, the ELG method yielded the highest skill score and the lowest Shannon information entropy (i.e., the lowest uncertainty).  相似文献   

甘肃石油河流域地下水补给来源与演化特征分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王礼恒  董艳辉  宋凡  张江义  童少青  张倩 《干旱区地理》2017,40(1):54-61

针对石油河流域所包含的赤金盆地与花海盆地,综合利用地下水水化学指标与稳定同位素技术系统地研究了地下水的补给来源与演化规律。其中赤金盆地地下水化学演化受控于溶滤作用,方解石、白云石、石膏等不断地溶解进入低矿化度的地下水中导致Mg²⁺+Ca²⁺与HCO₃^-+SO₄^2-沿1∶1等量线分布;而花海盆地高矿化度地下水中的Na⁺与SO₄^2-、Na⁺与Cl^-均有较好线性关系且多数矿物饱和指数>1,表明芒硝溶解控制了地下水中主要离子成分且地下水演化过程转由蒸发浓缩作用主导。赤金、花海盆地地下水氢氧同位素沿祁连山大气降水线分布或于右下方,二者特征相似,但后者更为富集重同位素,反映研究区地下水主要补给来源为祁连山大气降水或石油河河水;此外,两盆地间水力联系紧密,前者补给后者,因此在水资源开发利用时应将两盆地作为整体进行统筹管理,避免不合理开采造成环境地质问题。  相似文献   

毛乌素沙地砒砂岩与沙复配农田的固沙效应及其微观机理   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

李裕瑞  范朋灿  曹智  陈玉福  刘彦随  王欢元  刘怀华  马锋  万慧 《中国沙漠》2017,37(3):421-430

砒砂岩与沙复配成土及其工程化核心技术的提出与应用,为毛乌素沙地合理利用土地资源、科学推进生态建设提供了新的思路与技术支撑。前期研究对利用层面的技术问题给予了较多关注并取得显著进展,而在潜在风险层面特别是关于复配土壤的固沙效应及其微观机理的探索则相对薄弱。基于集沙仪、扫描电镜及激光粒度仪,结合野外定位试验和室内仪器观测,对毛乌素典型原状沙地及复配农田的输沙特征差异及其固沙微观机理进行探索。结果表明：（1）观测周期内,原状沙地输沙总量为4 951 g,远高于复配农田2 436 g的输沙总量,原状沙地更易受风蚀,而复配农田土壤起沙风速大、输沙量较小,具有明显的固沙效应;（2）扫描电镜图像显示,原状沙地土粒（沙粒）粗骨化、无粘结,而耕种两年的复配农田土壤中已出现团聚体;（3）激光粒度仪分析显示,原状沙地的粉、黏粒含量仅为2.74%,而复配农田这一比例增至15.12%;（4）复配土防风固沙效应的形成与粉粒和黏粒含量及土壤结构等紧密相关。鉴于复配农田输沙固沙能力的动态差异性和风力敏感性,进一步实施复配成土造田工程时,宜在复配农田主导风向的上风向区域及成片农田内适当布设具有防风功能的适生草类或灌木条带。  相似文献   

中晚全新世毛乌素沙地东南部气候变化过程   总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0  

杨帆  靳鹤龄  李孝泽  耿建伟  刘冰 《中国沙漠》2017,37(3):431-438

位于中国北方半干旱区的毛乌素沙地对气候变化响应敏感,是研究气候变化的理想区域。通过对毛乌素沙地东南部锦界剖面磁化率、有机质含量、CaCO₃含量的分析,重建了7.5 ka BP以来的气候变化过程。结果显示：中晚全新世毛乌素沙地东南部环境与气候变化可分为3个阶段：7.5～4.6 ka BP,夏季风占主导,气候暖湿,与全新世大暖期对应;4.6～3.3 ka BP,气候突变为干冷并波动频繁;3.3～2.5 ka BP气候以干冷为主。另外,存在5次千年尺度的干旱事件：7.0～6.8 ka BP、6.6～5.7 ka BP、4.6～4.1 ka BP、3.7～3.5 ka BP、3.3～2.5 ka BP。研究区气候变化与全球具有较好的一致性。  相似文献   

基于FTIR和MODIS数据估算新疆沙漠宽波段地表比辐射率     

李火青  吴新萍  买买提艾力&#  买买提依明  霍文  杨兴华  杨帆  何清  刘永强 《中国沙漠》2017,37(3):523-529

基于FTIR和MODIS数据,建立了新疆沙漠宽波段（8～13.5 μm）地表比辐射率的最优估算模型。首先,利用傅立叶变换热红外光谱仪观测的塔克拉玛干沙漠地表比辐射率光谱数据,结合同期MODIS温度/比辐射率产品MOD11A1的29、31和32波段比辐射率值和MOD09A1的第7波段反射率值,建立宽波段地表比辐射率估算模型,并分别采用观测数据和光谱库数据验证了模型的精度,估算结果的均方根误差分别为0.0041和0.0081。其次,选择最优估算模型,利用MODIS数据,估算了新疆4个沙漠的宽波段地表比辐射率,得到了沙漠地表比辐射率的空间分布特征。结果表明：塔克拉玛干沙漠和库鲁克库姆沙漠气候干燥稳定,地表比辐射率分布较为均匀,范围为0.850～0.915;古尔班通古特沙漠受到植被和地表水分的影响,比辐射率空间分布不均匀,范围为0.890～0.915;库木塔格沙漠的地表比辐射率分布与其羽状地表类似,范围为0.860～0.910。  相似文献   

Interacting effects of multiple factors on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam     

Jianqiao Han  Wei Zhang  Yongyang Fan  Mengqing Yu 《地理学报(英文版)》2017,27(10):1268-1278

Elucidating the influence of dams on fluvial processes can inform river protection and basin management. However, relatively few studies have focused on how multiple factors interact to affect the morphological evolution of meandering reaches. Using hydrological and topographical data, we analyzed the factors that influence and regulate the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). Our conclusions are as follows. (1) The meandering reaches can be classified into two types based on their evolution during the pre-dam period: G1 reaches, characterized by convex point bar erosion and concave channel deposition (CECD), and G2 reaches, characterized by convex point bar deposition and concave channel erosion (CDCE). Both reach types exhibited CECD features during the post-dam period. (2) Flow processes and sediment transport are the factors that caused serious erosion of the low beaches located in the convex point bars. However, changes in the river regime, river boundaries and jacking of Dongting Lake do not act as primary controls on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches. (3) Flood discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m³/s result in greater erosion of convex point bars. The point bars become scoured if the durations of these flows, which are close to bankfull discharge, exceed 20 days. In addition, the reduction in bedload causes the decreasing of point bar siltation in the water-falling period. (4) During the post-dam period, flood abatement, the increased duration of discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m³/s, and a significant reduction in sediment transport are the main factors that caused meandering reaches to show CECD features. Our results are relevant to other meandering reaches, where they can inform estimates of riverbed change, river management strategies and river protection.  相似文献   

Experimental study on the vertical deformation of aquifer soils under conditions of withdrawing and recharging of groundwater in Tongchuan region,China     

Ya-ni Wei  Wen Fan  Yanbo Cao 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(2):297-309

Land subsidence due to aquifer-system compaction accompanying groundwater extraction is a global hazard. Rising urban construction and groundwater demand necessitate increased awareness and better understanding of the geological problem. Motivated by the lack of laboratory-scale studies on this issue, an experimental investigation on the newly developed Tongchuan region, China, is presented. The study addresses the deformation behaviors of three soil samples, with the lithology of silty clay, silt, and fine sand, under the conditions of groundwater withdrawal and recharge using the GDS Consolidation Testing System. Results indicate that all three samples were characterized by elastic–plastic deformation under the conditions of withdrawing and recharging. The vertical deformation of the silty clay in the aquitard above the first confined aquifer was larger than those of the other two samples, and its deformation is a gradual and long process; thus, considerable attention should be paid to deformation in this aquitard due to the apparent creep effect and tiny rebound deformation. However, the settlement of the fine sand in the second confined aquifer cannot be ignored due to the great thickness of the aquifer. For the same soil, as the pore-water pressure declined, the unit rate of vertical deformation decreased gradually, whereas the creep effect of deformation in the later declining stage of pore-water pressure was more apparent than that in the former declining stage. These observations are highly important to the local government, which is developing measures to prevent and control subsidence.  相似文献