Diffusion and sorption of Cs, I and HTO in samples of the argillaceous Wakkanai Formation from the Horonobe URL, Japan: Clay-based modeling approach     

Yukio Tachi  Kenji Yotsuji  Yoshimi Seida  Mikazu Yui 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(22):6742-6759

Diffusion and sorption behaviors of cationic Cs⁺, anionic I⁻ and neutral HTO in samples of the Wakkanai Formation from the Horonobe underground research laboratory (URL), Japan, were investigated as a function of ionic strength (I) of synthetic groundwater by through-diffusion and batch sorption experiments and mechanistic modeling. The effective diffusivities (D_e) measured by through-diffusion experiments showed cation excess and anion exclusion effects, which were strongly dependent on I; D_e for Cs⁺ decreased as I increased, D_e for I⁻ showed the opposite dependency and D_e for HTO showed no dependence. The sorption of Cs⁺ measured by through-diffusion and batch sorption experiments were described by Freundlich isotherms with consistent parameters and decreased with I as a result of competitive ion exchange.Diffusion and sorption behaviors were interpreted by assuming the clay components of illite and smectite control diffusion and sorption mechanisms. The component additive (CA) sorption model, which includes illite and smectite contents and their ion exchange constants, provided a reasonable account of the Cs⁺ sorption trends measured as functions of I and Cs concentration. The diffusion model was developed by coupling the electrical double layer (EDL) model, describing the change of ionic concentrations (cation excess and anion deficit) and viscoelectric effects caused by electrostatic interaction at negatively charged clay surfaces, and a simplified pore model assuming one type of pore shape and includes their size distribution. When averaging the electrostatic effects by using the pore surface area distribution, the model could predict the cation excess and anion exclusion effects, and its dependence on I reasonably well. This result implies the nanoscale pores dominating the pore surface area can strongly impact on ionic diffusion in argillaceous rocks. The clay-based modeling approach described here provides a useful tool to predict ionic diffusion and sorption in argillaceous rocks.  相似文献   

A note of thanks     

M. I. El-Sabh  Y. Fujinawa  G. Schneider 《Natural Hazards》1994,9(3):iii-iii

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Secular change in lifetime of granitic crust and the continental growth: A new view from detrital zircon ages of sandstones     

Hikaru Sawada  Yukio Isozaki  Shuhei Sakata  Takafumi Hirata  Shigenori Maruyama 《地学前缘(英文版)》2018,9(4):1099-1115

U-Pb ages of detrital zircons were newly dated for 4 Archean sandstones from the Pilbara craton in Australia, Wyoming craton in North America, and Kaapvaal craton in Africa. By using the present results with previously published data, we compiled the age spectra of detrital zircons for 2.9, 2.6, 2.3,1.0, and0.6 Ga sandstones and modern river sands in order to document the secular change in age structure of continental crusts through time. The results demonstrated the following episodes in the history of continental crust:(1) low growth rate of the continents due to the short cycle in production/destruction of granitic crust during the Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic(2.9-23 Ga),(2) net increase in volume of the continents during Paleo-to Mesoproterozoic(2.3-1.0 Ga), and(3) net decrease in volume of the continents during the Neoproterozoic and Phanerozoic(after 1.0 Ga). In the Archean and Paleoproterozoic, the embryonic continents were smaller than the modern continents, probably owing to the relatively rapid production and destruction of continental crust. This is indeed reflected in the heterogeneous crustal age structure of modern continents that usually have relatively small amount of Archean crusts with respect to the post-Archean ones. During the Mesoproterozoic, plural continents amalgamated into larger ones comparable to modern continental blocks in size. Relatively older crusts were preserved in continental interiors, whereas younger crusts were accreted along continental peripheries.In addition to continental arc magmatism, the direct accretion of intra-oceanic island arc around continental peripheries also became important for net continental growth. Since 1.0 Ga, total volume of continents has decreased, and this appears consistent with on-going phenomena along modern active arc-trench system with dominant tectonic erosion and/or arc subduction. Subduction of a huge amount of granitic crusts into the mantle through time is suggested, and this requires re-consideration of the mantle composition and heterogeneity.  相似文献   

Trajectories of Moving Objects on a Network: Detection of Similarities,Visualization of Relations,and Classification of Trajectories     

Yukio Sadahiro  Raymond Lay  Tetsuo Kobayashi 《Transactions in GIS》2013,17(1):18-40

Development in techniques of spatial data acquisition enables us to easily record the trajectories of moving objects. Movement of human beings, animals, and birds can be captured by GPS loggers. The obtained data are analyzed by visualization, clustering, and classification to detect patterns frequently or rarely found in trajectories. To extract a wider variety of patterns in analysis, this article proposes a new method for analyzing trajectories on a network space. The method first extracts primary routes as subparts of trajectories. The topological relations among primary routes and trajectories are visualized as both a map and a graph‐based diagram. They permit us to understand the spatial and topological relations among the primary routes and trajectories at both global and local scales. The graph‐based diagram also permits us to classify trajectories. The representativeness of primary routes is evaluated by two numerical measures. The method is applied to the analysis of daily travel behavior of one of the authors. Technical soundness of the method is discussed as well as empirical findings.  相似文献   

Strength Anisotropy of Compacted Decomposed Granite Soils     

Tae-Gew Ham  Yukio Nakata  Rolando Orense  Masayuki Hyodo 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2012,30(1):119-127

In order to investigate the strength and deformation anisotropy of compacted decomposed granite soils, a series of drained triaxial compression tests was performed on unsaturated and saturated decomposed granite soils. The specimens were subjected to compression tests such that the angle δ of the direction of the major principal stress, σ ₁, during triaxial compression relative to the compaction plane (bedding plane) varies, with δ = 0°, 45° and 90°. Test results indicated that the compressive strain of the specimens subjected to isotropic consolidation was influenced strongly by the angle δ. In addition, the effect of the angle δ on the triaxial compressive strength and deformation was more evident in unsaturated specimens than in saturated specimens. Based on the test results, a procedure which can be used to estimate the shear strength of unsaturated soils taking into account various angles δ was proposed.  相似文献   

Crystallization experiments of intercumulus melts for nakhlites under QFM ± 2 at 1 bar     

Naoya IMAE  Yukio IKEDA 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2008,43(8):1299-1319

Abstract— Crystallization of parent melts for nakhlites was experimentally studied under QFM ± 2 at one bar. Isothermal experiments suggest that melts having parent magma composition for nakhlites crystallize both augites and titanomagnetites at liquidus temperatures of 1144–1154 °C. Compositions of the augites are identical to those of phenocrystic core augites (En_36–38Fs_22–25Wo_39–40) in nakhlites. No olivines crystallize from the isothermal runs, and solidus temperature is about 1000 °C. Linear‐cooling experiments were carried out at various cooling rates (1–17 °C/h) ranging from liquidus to solidus temperatures under similar pressure conditions to the isothermal runs. Augites, titanomagnetites, and fayalites crystallized in the cooling runs, but magnesian olivines never crystallized there. Magnesian core augite in the cooling runs has the same composition as those of nakhlites. Rims of augite crystals from the cooling runs of 1–4 °C/h consist of two layers, ferroan augite inner rim and hedenbergite outer rim, which are very similar to those in the Miller Range (MIL) 03346 nakhlite. Small amounts of pyroxferroite crystallized in mesostasis and augite rims from two cooling runs. Titanomagnetites from cooling runs never accompany ilmenite lamellae as seen in nakhlites, suggesting that the subsolidus cooling rate of the cooling runs was much more rapid than those of nakhlite intercumulus melts. The cooling experiments reproduce the crystallization processes of pyroxenes and the compositional change of residual melt for a rapidly cooled magma such as MIL 03346.  相似文献   

Modeling interaction of fluid and salt in an aquifer/lagoon system   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Fujinawa K  Iba T  Fujihara Y  Watanabe T 《Ground water》2009,47(1):35-48

To simulate the dynamic interaction between a saline lagoon and a ground water system, a numerical model for two-dimensional, variable-density, saturated-unsaturated, and coupled flow and solute transport (saltwater intrusion by finite elements and characteristics [SIFEC]) was modified to allow the volume of water and mass of salt in the lagoon to vary with each time step. The modified SIFEC allows the stage of a lagoon to vary in accordance with a functional relation between the stage and water volume of the lagoon, and also allows the salt concentration of the lagoon to vary in accordance with the salt budget of the lagoon including chemical precipitation and dissolution of salt. The updated stage and salt concentration of the lagoon are in turn used as transient boundary conditions for the coupled flow and solute transport model. The utility of the modified model was demonstrated by applying it to the eastern Mediterranean coastal region of Turkey for assessing impacts of climate change on the subsurface environment under scenarios of sea level rise, increased evaporation, and decreased precipitation.  相似文献   

Characteristics of Seismoelectric Wave Fields Associated with Natural Microcracks     

Yukio Fujinawa  Yoichi Noda 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2016,173(1):255-268

Properties of seismoelectric waves in relation to natural earthquakes have been investigated. The electromagnetic disturbances were analyzed to test the hypothesis that pulse-like electric variations are directly related to microcracks as source. Because variation is very difficult to detect, there have been few quantitative field investigations. We used selected events with clear S and P phases from the data catalog obtained before the Tohoku earthquake in 2011. The electric strength of the fast P wave (P_f), S wave (S), and electromagnetic wave (EM) associated with formation of cracks of tensile mode were estimated. The co-seismic electric signal accompanied by the S wave has the largest strength, well above the noise level, and the EM wave has the lowest strength. Analytical estimation of the ratio of the strengths of the P_f and EM phases to that of the S phase by use of Pride’s equations gave results partially in agreement with observation (the order was Ap_f > A_s > A_em). The strength of the observed electromagnetic mode is approximately two orders of magnitude larger than that estimated from the theory. We suggest this greater strength can be attributed to the converted modes at layer contracts or to the effect of the boundary between free atmosphere and crust. Overall agreement between observations and theoretical estimates suggests that electromagnetic anomalies, crustal deformation, and groundwater changes can be investigated on the basis of the unified equations for the coupled electromagnetics, acoustics, and hydrodynamics of porous media.  相似文献   

Tropical Atlantic biases and their relation to surface wind stress and terrestrial precipitation   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

Ingo Richter  Shang-Ping Xie  Andrew T. Wittenberg  Yukio Masumoto 《Climate Dynamics》2012,38(5-6):985-1001

Most coupled general circulation models (GCMs) perform poorly in the tropical Atlantic in terms of climatological seasonal cycle and interannual variability. The reasons for this poor performance are investigated in a suite of sensitivity experiments with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupled GCM. The experiments show that a significant portion of the equatorial SST biases in the model is due to weaker than observed equatorial easterlies during boreal spring. Due to these weak easterlies, the tilt of the equatorial thermocline is reduced, with shoaling in the west and deepening in the east. The erroneously deep thermocline in the east prevents cold tongue formation in the following season despite vigorous upwelling, thus inhibiting the Bjerknes feedback. It is further shown that the surface wind errors are due, in part, to deficient precipitation over equatorial South America and excessive precipitation over equatorial Africa, which already exist in the uncoupled atmospheric GCM. Additional tests indicate that the precipitation biases are highly sensitive to land surface conditions such as albedo and soil moisture. This suggests that improving the representation of land surface processes in GCMs offers a way of improving their performance in the tropical Atlantic. The weaker than observed equatorial easterlies also contribute remotely, via equatorial and coastal Kelvin waves, to the severe warm SST biases along the southwest African coast. However, the strength of the subtropical anticyclone and along-shore winds also play an important role.  相似文献   

Fifteen years progress of the TRITON array in the Western Pacific and Eastern Indian Oceans     

Kentaro Ando  Yoshifumi Kuroda  Yosuke Fujii  Tatsuya Fukuda  Takuya Hasegawa  Takanori Horii  Yasuhisa Ishihara  Yuji Kashino  Yukio Masumoto  Keisuke Mizuno  Motoki Nagura  Iwao Ueki 《Journal of Oceanography》2017,73(4):403-426

The Triangle Trans‐Ocean Buoy Network (TRITON) project by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology began with deployment in the western tropical Pacific Ocean in 1998 and has shifted to steady, long-term observations since 1999. After on-site inter-comparison with the Autonomous Temperature Line Acquisition System mooring system of the Tropical Atmosphere and Ocean (TAO) array by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the TRITON array became the international TAO/TRITON array in 2000 as a key component of the Global Ocean and Climate Observing Systems. The TAO/TRITON array took over from the TAO array, which was developed during the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere program (1985–1994), and replaced the western part of TAO with new additional real-time measurements of salinity and ocean currents. In 2001, two TRITON moorings were deployed in the eastern Indian Ocean for capturing the eastern pole of the Indian Ocean Dipole. From this initiative, the Indian Ocean Observing System (IndOOS) was designed, and the Indian Ocean mooring array (Research Moored Array for Africa–Asian–Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction) was developed as a key component of IndOOS. In this paper, 15 years of progress in the TRITON project in the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans is reviewed with regards to scientific outcomes, technological development, and collaborations with international and domestic partners. Future directions for sustainable observation in the Pacific and Indian Oceans are also discussed.  相似文献