A theoretical evaluation of water oligomer populations in the Earth's atmosphere     

Zdeněk Slanina 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1988,6(3):185-190

Atmospheric water vapour is treated as an equilibrium mixture of gas-phase water clusters, (H₂O) _i , using recent precise quantum-chemical data on these species. It is shown that within a typical atmospheric temperature/humidity profile, the cluster populations in the Earth's atmosphere decrease with increasing height, being of the order of magnitude of 0.1 mg/m³ and 0.1 g/m³ for the water dimer and trimer, respectively, in the atmospheric pressure region of 700–800 mb.Dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the preparation of the first artificial snow crystal by Prof. Ukitiro Nakaya at the Hokkaido University on 12 March, 1936 (see, e.g., Nakaya et al. (1938)).  相似文献   

Seismic zoning map of Czechoslovakia — version 1987     

Vít Kárník  Dana Procházková  Vladimír Schenk  Zdeňka Schenková  Ivan Brouček  Reviewer J. Zahradník 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1988,32(2):144-150

Summary A new version of the seismic zoning map of Czechoslovakia is presented mainly for use with the revised Building Code SN 730 036 (Seismic Loads on Buildings). In principle, the map contains the expected maximum intensities according to the macroseismic scale MSK-64. The map is based on all historical macroseismic observations in Czechoslovakia, as well as on models of macroseismic fields. The assessment of expected intensities has also been completed by a seismotectonic analysis. It is not feasible to relate the map to a particular time interval, i.e. to estimate the probability of expected maximum intensities, because of the unknown recurrence of extreme events on the territory of Czechoslovakia.

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ma a ama u auau auu, n ¶rt; n¶rt;m ¶rt; m¶rt;u SN 730 036 aa nm uuu ¶rt;muu. ama ¶rt;um ¶rt;u u¶rt;a aua uua umumu n aMSK-64. ama aa a ¶rt; u n um auu a¶rt;u a mumuu auu u a ¶rt; auu n. a ¶rt;aa a u¶rt;a umumu m mmu aaua. ua nmm u mu a mumuu nm mmu am u auau n¶rt; uma, m. . n¶rt;um ¶rt;mam mm mm u¶rt;a aua uu umumu.

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Variation of seismic activity andb-value in the wadati-benioff zone of the hellenic arc     

C. Christova  J. Vaněk 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1990,34(3):197-207

Summary The statistics of the vertical distribution of earthquake foci belonging to the Wadati-Benioff zone in the Hellenic arc show that the seismic activity, in terms of the total number of events at a given depth range during the period 1901–82, and b value of the frequency-magnitude relation vary with depth in a specific manner. The seismic activity of the western and eastern flanks of the Wadati-Benioff zone varies with depth in a similar way, whereas the b-value depth variation for these two flanks of the subduction zone does not show such a similarity.  相似文献   

Freshwater Macrophytes as Indicators of Organic Pollution     

&#x;. Husk  V. Slde ek  A. Slde kov 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1989,17(6):693-697

The commonest 118 taxa of freshwater anthophytes and pteridophytes in Czechoslovakia were ranked, on a 10-point scale of saprobic valency, by their indicative weight (I_i) and by their individual saprobic index (S_i).  相似文献   

Tests of data assimilation and data initialization for the purposes of short-range weather forecast     

Zbyněk Sokol 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1994,38(3):316-324

Summary The initialization and assimilation of input data were studied and tested by the adiabatic version of a simple numerical model for short-range weather forecast.The initialization was based on the utilization of a digital filter technique. The method succeeded in removing high-frequency oscillations from prognostic pressure fields. However, excessive smoothing deteriorated the accuracy of the prediction at the lowest levels of the atmosphere.The data assimilation was performed using the nudging method. Three versions of the nudging method in a splitting scheme were tested. The inclusion of the assimilation at the end of the integration step proved to be the best. The assimilation damped the oscillations of prognostic surface pressure fields and slightly improved the pressure prediction at the lowest levels of the atmosphere.  相似文献   

Paraxial ray theory in general coordinates     

Jan Hrabě 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1994,38(2):157-167

Summary Principles of an alternative approach to the ray theory and paraxial ray approximation (PRA) theory are discussed. Invariant equations for the ray, the eikonal equation and basic equations of the PRA-theory are derived on the basis of Riemannian geometry. Paraxial rays and paraxial time field equations in general curvilinear coordinates are shown as an example of application.  相似文献   

Supergene processes on ore deposits—a source of heavy metals     

K. Martycák  J. Zeman  M. Vacek-Veselý 《Environmental Geology》1994,23(2):156-165

The study of supergene processes (i.e., secondary processes running in ore deposits and driven by thermodynamic nonequilibrium between ore-and rock-forming minerals and natural waters, gasses, etc.) is important in order to understand the migration of heavy metals from ore into their adjacent surroundings. The contamination of the local environment can be characterized by the composition of pore waters. The Pb-Zn-Cu ore deposits of Zlaté Hory (Czech Republic) have been chosen for a detailed study of pore solutions. A simple model has been created to describe the evolution of supergene processes in the ore deposits. This model is based on the determination of chemical composition of pore solutions. The dilution of pore solutions of such mineral deposits results in acid mine drainage. Pore solutions can have, during specific stages of their evolution, relatively high concentrations of Cu (0.09 mol/kg), Zn (0.1 mol/kg), SO₄ (0.8 mol/kg) and an extremely low pH (1.38). The supergene alteration of pyrite is the most important process determining the character of pore water. This reaction causes significant acidification and is a leading source of acid mine drainage. The leached zone originates from the interaction of pyrite and limonite. Increased concentrations of heavy metals and sulfates occur in pore waters. The dynamic composition of pore waters within ore deposits undergoing the supergene process can be used to distinguish: (1) three main zoneslimonite, transition, and primary zone and (2) two areas—an area with the highest intensity of weathering processes and an area of weathering initiation. In these areas the rate of sulfide oxidation is higher as a result of low pH. From the study of these zones and areas we can further our knowledge of ore body, pore solution, acid mine drainage, and contamination of the local environment.  相似文献   

The Density Contrast At the Mohoroviči Discontinuity     

Zden&#;K Martinec 《Geophysical Journal International》1994,117(2):539-544

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Typical properties of dynamic systems and the instability of hydrodynamic flows     

Jiří Horák  Reviewer J. Navrátil 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1987,31(1):92-96

Summary Based on Peixot's theorem of topological dynamics, the unstable behaviour of hydrodynamic flows on a two-dimensional annuloid T ² is analysed. The generating property is the curvature of the group of S ₀ Diff T ² diffeomorphisms of the (Riemannian) flow region T ² . This group is the configuration space of the ideal fluid flowing on T ² .

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a m ma u mn u ¶rt;uauu ¶rt;am mu n¶rt;uu¶rt;¶rt;uauu nm a ¶rt; m T ² u¶rt; mu. ¶rt;au m m a m uuann S ₀ Diff T ² ¶rt;uu amu mu ( uaa) T ² . manna m uau nmam ¶rt; u¶rt;a u¶rt;mu a T ² .

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Global geoidal undulations as inferred from the Bruns formula and from inversion of the geopotential series     

Zdeněk Martinec  Karel Pěč  Reviewer M. Burša 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1987,31(3):228-251

Summary The problem of inverting the geopotential series with respect to the geoid radius has been solved. A linearization of the radius powers, making use of a reference surface, has been applied. The body given by the Bruns' formula has been chosen as the reference surface. Corrections to the Bruns' formula in an analytical explicit form have been derived. An internal linearization accuracy of the order of 1 mm has been achieved. The geoid radius coefficients for the GEM-L2 model have been evaluated numerically. The corrections have been found to range from –90 to 90 cm.

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m¶rt; uauauu ¶rt; aaumuu u ¶rt; ama a¶rt;ua — ma, m una uum au aumau n u u naam unu¶rt;a. u u¶rt; una um uum u nmuaa u uum au a¶rt;ua — ma. ¶rt;a¶rt;amua ua, aa uauau, n¶rt;a 1 . u¶rt; u am ¶rt; ¶rt;uaumau n GEM-L2. au na nm mm m am nu annuauuu¶rt;a, a a m a, n¶rt;a ± 90 .

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