Detecting neutrino transients with optical follow-up observations     

Marek Kowalski  Anna Mohr 《Astroparticle Physics》2007,27(6):533-538

A novel method is presented which will enhance the sensitivity of neutrino telescopes to identify transient sources such as Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) and core-collapse Supernovae (SNe). Triggered by the detection of high energy neutrino events from IceCube or other large scale neutrino telescopes, an optical follow-up program will allow the identification of the transient neutrino source. We show that once the follow-up program is implemented, the achievable sensitivity of IceCube to neutrinos from SNe and GRBs would increase by a factor of 2–3. The program can be realized with a small network of automated 1–2 m telescopes and has rather modest observing time requirements.  相似文献   

Shapes and rotational properties of thirty asteroids from photometric data     

Johanna Torppa  Tadeusz Micha?owski  Agnieszka Kryszczyńska  Richard Kowalski 《Icarus》2003,164(2):346-383

We have analyzed photometric lightcurves of 30 asteroids, and present here the obtained shapes, rotational periods and pole directions. We also present new photometric observations of five asteroids. The shape models indicate the existence of many features of varying degrees of irregularity. Even large main-belt asteroids display such features, so the resulting poles and periods are more consistent than those obtained by simple ellipsoid-like models. In some cases the new rotational parameters are rather different from those obtained previously, and in a few cases there were no proper previous estimates at all.  相似文献   

The Multiple Continuum Components in the White-Light Flare of 16 January 2009 on the dM4.5e Star YZ CMi     

A. F. Kowalski  S. L. Hawley  J. A. Holtzman  J. P. Wisniewski  E. J. Hilton 《Solar physics》2012,277(1):21-29

The white light during M dwarf flares has long been known to exhibit the broadband shape of a T≈10 000 K blackbody, and the white light in solar-flares is thought to arise primarily from hydrogen recombination. Yet, a current lack of broad-wavelength coverage solar flare spectra in the optical/near-UV region prohibits a direct comparison of the continuum properties to determine if they are indeed so different. New spectroscopic observations of a secondary flare during the decay of a megaflare on the dM4.5e star YZ CMi have revealed multiple components in the white-light continuum of stellar flares, including both a blackbody-like spectrum and a hydrogen-recombination spectrum. One of the most surprising findings is that these two components are anti-correlated in their temporal evolution. We combine initial phenomenological modeling of the continuum components with spectra from radiative hydrodynamic models to show that continuum veiling causes the measured anti-correlation. This modeling allows us to use the components’ inferred properties to predict how a similar spatially resolved, multiple-component, white-light continuum might appear using analogies to several solar-flare phenomena. We also compare the properties of the optical stellar flare white light to Ellerman bombs on the Sun.  相似文献   

Tsunami–tide interactions: A Cook Inlet case study     

Zygmunt Kowalik  Andrey Proshutinsky 《Continental Shelf Research》2010

First, we investigated some aspects of tsunami–tide interactions based on idealized numerical experiments. Theoretically, by changing total ocean depth, tidal elevations influence the speed and magnitude of tsunami waves in shallow regions with dominating tidal signals. We tested this assumption by employing a simple 1-D model that describes propagation of tidal waves in a channel with gradually increasing depth and the interaction of the tidal waves with tsunamis generated at the channel's open boundary. Important conclusions from these studies are that computed elevations by simulating the tsunami and the tide together differ significantly from linear superposing of the sea surface heights obtained when simulating the tide and the tsunami separately, and that maximum tsunami–tide interaction depends on tidal amplitude and phase. The major cause of this tsunami–tide interaction is tidally induced ocean depth that changes the conditions of tsunami propagation, amplification, and dissipation. Interactions occur by means of momentum advection, bottom friction, and variable water flux due to changing total depth and velocity. We found the major cause of tsunami–tide interactions to be changing depth. Secondly, we investigate tsunami–tide interactions in Cook Inlet, Alaska, employing a high-resolution 2-D numerical model. Cook Inlet has high tides and a history of strong tsunamis and is a potential candidate for tsunami impacts in the future. In agreement with previous findings, we find that the impacts of tsunamis depend on basin bathymetries and coastline configurations, and they can, in particular, depend on tsunami–tide interactions. In regions with strong tides and tsunamis, these interactions can result in either intensification or damping of cumulative tsunami and tide impacts, depending on mean basin depth, which is regulated by tides. Thus, it is not possible to predict the effect of tsunami–tide interaction in regions with strong tides without making preliminary investigations of the area. One approach to reduce uncertainties in tsunami impact in regions with high tides is to simulate tsunamis together with tidal forcing.  相似文献   

Influence of Soil Aging and Stabilization with Compost on Zn and Cu Fractionation,Stability, and Mobility          下载免费PDF全文

Zygmunt Mariusz Gusiatin  Dorota Kulikowska 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2016,44(3):272-283

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Consequences of Uncertainties in CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Density for Estimating Net Ecosystem CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Exchange by Open-path Eddy Covariance     

Penélope Serrano-Ortiz  Andrew S. Kowalski  Francisco Domingo  Borja Ruiz  Lucas Alados-Arboledas 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,126(2):209-218

Errors in the estimation of CO₂ surface exchange by open-path eddy covariance, introduced during the removal of density terms [Webb et al. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 106:85–100, (1980) - WPL], can happen both because of errors in energy fluxes [Liu et al. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 120:65–85, (2006)] but also because of inaccuracies in other terms included in the density corrections, most notably due to measurements of absolute CO₂ density (ρ _c ). Equations are derived to examine the propagation of all errors through the WPL algorithm. For an open-path eddy covariance system operating in the Sierra de Gádor in south-east Spain, examples are presented of the inability of an unattended, open-path infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) to reliably report ρ _c and the need for additional instrumentation to determine calibration corrections. A sensitivity analysis shows that relatively large and systematic errors in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) can result from uncertainties in ρ _c in a semi-arid climate with large sensible heat fluxes (H _s ) and (wet) mineral deposition. When ρ_c is underestimated by 5% due to lens contamination, this implies a 13% overestimation of monthly CO₂ uptake.  相似文献   

Fe‐modified Clinoptilolite is Effective to Recover Plant Biosurfactants Used for Removing Arsenic From Soil          下载免费PDF全文

Zygmunt Mariusz Gusiatin 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2015,43(8):1224-1231

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Thermal treatment of waste from the meat industry in high scale rotary kiln   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

P. Staroń  Z. Kowalski  A. Staroń  M. Banach 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1157-1168

Recently there has been an increase in consumption of meat, especially poultry. This results in an increase in the quantity of waste, including waste feathers. Waste from the meat industry are hazardous, which must be disposed of in accordance with the law. Wastes from the meat industry normally consist of valuable elements such as phosphorus, calcium, potassium, magnesium (macronutrients), and iron, copper, zinc, manganese (micronutrients), which after suitable processing can be used for the purposes of fertilization. The paper presents the results of thermal treatment of feathers with meat and bone meal and feathers with poultry litter in a high scale rotary kiln. Mixtures of wastes were incinerated in temperature range from 600 to 900 °C for about 20–25 min. The resulting ashes were characterized by a high content of phosphorus (4–17%), calcium (17–30%) and potassium (0.6–3.6%). The study revealed that the selection of process parameters allows for obtaining ash with controlled and desired composition of macro and micronutrients, moreover, it is safe in terms of sanitary.  相似文献   

The influence of industrial immissions on the magnetic susceptibility of soils in upper Silesia   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Zygmunt Strzyszcz  Tadeusz Magiera  Friedrich Heller 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1996,40(3):276-286

Summary Samples of metallurgical dusts and fly ashes from coal power plants and iron works in Upper Silesia as well as soil profiles in the close vicinity of these plants and in Ojcow National Park (ca. 25 km east of the industrial area) have been studied magnetically and mineralogically. The metallurgical dusts and fly ashes are highly enriched in ferromagnetic minerals. The topsoils from profiles collected near the plants have very high values of magnetic susceptibility while susceptibility in the fermentation and humic subhorizons in soil profiles from Ojcow National Park is considerably increased. The magnetic properties of the metallurgical dusts and fly ashes such as frequency dependence of susceptibility, saturation remanence or coercivity are similar to those observed in the top horizons of the soils. They are mostly related to the occurrence of large (multidomain) grains of non-stoichiometric magnetite ranging from 1 to 20 μm. The similarity of the magnetic particles in the soils is taken as evidence of an anthropogenic origin. They are responsible for the high soil susceptibilities in Upper Silesia and in adjacent areas. Some of the magnetic particles carry substantial quantitities of trace elements such as Pb, Ni, Zn and Cu. Field and laboratory susceptibility measurements can therefore be used as a simple and costeffective method of detecting the presence of heavy metals in the soils of this area.  相似文献   

Water flux estimates from a Belgian Scots pine stand: a comparison of different approaches     

L. Meiresonne  D. A. Sampson  A. S. Kowalski  I. A. Janssens  N. Nadezhdina  J. Cermk  J. Van Slycken  R. Ceulemans 《Journal of Hydrology》2003,270(3-4):230-252

Four distinct approaches, that vary markedly in the spatial and temporal resolution of their measurement and process-level outputs, are used to investigate the daily and seasonal water vapour exchange in a 70-year-old Belgian Scots pine forest. Transpiration, canopy interception, soil evaporation and evapotranspiration are simulated, using a stand-level process model (SECRETS) and a soil water balance model (WAVE). Simulated transpiration was compared with up-scaled sap flow measurements and simulated evapotranspiration to eddy covariance measurements.

Reasonable agreement in the temporal trends and in the annual water balance between the two models was observed, however daily and weekly predictions often diverged. Most notably, WAVE estimated very low, to no transpiration during late autumn, winter and early spring when incident radiation fell below 50 W m⁻² while SECRETS simulated low (0.1–0.4 mm day⁻¹) fluxes during the same period. Both models exhibited similar daily trends in simulated transpiration when compared with sap flow estimates, although simulations from SECRETS were more closely aligned. In contrast, WAVE over-estimated transpiration during periods of no rainfall and under-estimated transpiration during rainfall. Yearly, total evapotranspiration simulated by the models were similar, i.e. 658 mm (1997) and 632 mm (1998) for WAVE and 567 mm (1997) and 619 mm (1998) for SECRETS.

Maximum weekly-average evapotranspiration for WAVE exceeded 5 mm day⁻¹, while SECRETS never exceeded 4 mm day⁻¹. Both models, in general, simulated higher evapotranspiration than that measured with the eddy covariance technique. An impact of the soil water content in the direct relationship between the models and the eddy covariance measurements was found.

The results suggest that: (1) different model formulations can reproduce similar results depending on the scale at which outputs are resolved, (2) SECRETS estimates of transpiration were well correlated with the empirical measurements, and (3) neither model fitted favourably to the eddy covariance technique.  相似文献