Co-evolution of coarse grain structuring and bed roughness in response to episodic sediment supply in an experimental aggrading channel     

Marwan A. Hassan  Matteo Saletti  Chendi Zhang  Carles Ferrer-Boix  Joel P.L. Johnson  Tobias Müller  Claudia von Flotow 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(4):948-961

We use flume experiments to better understand how gravel-bed channels maintain bed surface stability in response to pulses of sediment supply. Bed elevations and surface imagery at high spatial resolutions were used to quantify the co-evolution of surface grain-size distribution (GSD), bed roughness statistics, and bed surface structures (clusters, cells and transverse features). Using a new semi-automated method, we identified individual stone structures over a 2 m × 1 m area throughout the experiments. After an initial coarsening, surface GSD and armouring ratio remained nearly stable as sediment pulses caused net bed aggradation. In contrast, individual grain structures continued to form, increase or decrease in size, and disappear throughout the experiments. The response of the bed to sediment pulses depended on the history of surface roughness evolution and bed surface structure development, as these factors changed much more in response to supply perturbations earlier in the experiments compared to later, even as the bed continued to aggrade. We interpret that the dynamic production and destruction of bed surface structures can act as a ‘buffer’ to sediment supply pulses, maintaining a stable bed surface during aggradation with minimal change in grain size or armouring. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Sampling Method for the Determination of Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC) in Strongly Acidic Waters     

Barbara Zippel  Helgard Tittel  Wolf von Tümpling jr. 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2001,29(5):309-312

Samples from extremely acidic waters should be taken using the introduced syringe technique avoiding atmospheric contact to minimize CO2 evaporation from the samples. The syringe technique inclusive manual injection enables the determination of TIC in acid waters with high precision and accuracy. If a TOC analyser with a small sample volume is used, the vials should be filled directly inside the water sampler without air bubbles, covered with aluminium foil and transported at ambient water temperatures. If an autosampler is used, partial selection of the vials increases the stability of the results. Care should be taken that samples can be analysed within a short time.  相似文献   

Use of the Spectrometric Sum Parameter for Aromatic Amines in the Monitoring of a Former Ammunition Plant     

T. C. Schmidt  U. Bütehorn  K. Steinbach  R. Kotke  D. Bruns‐Nagel  E. von Lw 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2000,28(3):117-122

Aromatic amines are important metabolites of nitroaromatic explosives, hence monitoring of aromatic amines’ content at former ammunition plants is necessary. Twenty years ago, a threshold limit value of 0.1 μg/L for the sum of diazotizable aromatic amines in water distributed from the waterworks at the former ammunition plant in Stadtallendorf/Hesse was established. This value is still measured with a spectrometric sum parameter, in which diazotization and a subsequent azo coupling of the analytes are utilized. The sum parameter is well suited for the long‐term monitoring of filter installations, and it allows very quick measurements and a non‐target screening of aniline contents, both of which are important in research. Nevertheless, as several problems are associated with this parameter, we developed analytical methods suitable for the determination of the most important single compounds contributing to the overall sum. Initial results of these methods show that amphoteric anilines are of considerable importance in ammunition waste but have been neglected up to now in official monitoring schemes. The summation of single compound contents in ammunition wastewater generally gives 3 to 6 times higher values than the spectrometrically determined sum, which is mainly due to the choice of the reference substance 4‐nitroaniline in the sum parameter.  相似文献   

The GREGOR adaptive optics system     

Th. Berkefeld  D. Schmidt  D. Soltau  O. von der Lühe  F. Heidecke 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2012,333(9):863-871

The new 1.5‐m German solar telescope GREGOR at the Observatorio del Teide, Tenerife, is equipped with an integrated adaptive optics system. Although partly still in the commissioning phase, the system is already being used used for most science observations. It is designed to provide diffraction‐limited observations in the visible‐light regime for seeing better than 1.2″. We describe the AO system including the optical design, software, wavefront reconstruction, and performance (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

Properties of dust source material and volcanic ash in Iceland     

Mary K. Butwin  Melissa A. Pfeffer  Sibylle von Löwis  Eivind W. N. Støren  Eniko Bali  Throstur Thorsteinsson 《Sedimentology》2020,67(6):3067-3087

The volcanic origin, primarily basaltic, of most of the surface material in Iceland influences its physical properties and appearance. Size distributions, shape analyses and melting experiments were made for surface material collected in high-erosion dust source areas and fresh volcanic ash deposits to determine whether they differ from one another and from dust from other major dust sources. The major differences found between Icelandic dust and dust from other major dust sources in the world, such as the Sahara, are in the particle shapes, lower density and darker colour. Icelandic dust particles greater than 20 μm retain volcanic morphological properties that are also found in fresh volcanic ash. Dust and fresh volcanic ash particles less than 20 μm are crystalline and blocky in nature, similar to the dust from other global source regions. The finer grained (<20 μm) Icelandic particles will have similar suspension and transport behaviours and be similarly hazardous to health and infrastructure as non-Icelandic dust. The coarser particles (>20 μm) will have different suspension and transport behaviours than other dusts due to the volcanic morphology. Icelandic surface material has between 5% and 30% glassy particles compared to fresh volcanic ash which has more than 50% glassy particles. Glassy particles were observed to melt at a lower temperature than the mineral grains; and, as a result, volcanic ash is found to be more threatening to aircraft engines than the typical dust from Iceland. Icelandic dust was observed to be blocky, or plate-like in the respirable size fraction, suggesting similar health hazards as dust from other regions.  相似文献   

Validation of automated supervised segmentation of multibeam backscatter data from the Chatham Rise,New Zealand     

Jess I. T. Hillman  Geoffroy Lamarche  Arne Pallentin  Ingo A. Pecher  Andrew R. Gorman  Jens Schneider von Deimling 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2018,39(1-2):205-227

Using automated supervised segmentation of multibeam backscatter data to delineate seafloor substrates is a relatively novel technique. Low-frequency multibeam echosounders (MBES), such as the 12-kHz EM120, present particular difficulties since the signal can penetrate several metres into the seafloor, depending on substrate type. We present a case study illustrating how a non-targeted dataset may be used to derive information from multibeam backscatter data regarding distribution of substrate types. The results allow us to assess limitations associated with low frequency MBES where sub-bottom layering is present, and test the accuracy of automated supervised segmentation performed using SonarScope® software. This is done through comparison of predicted and observed substrate from backscatter facies-derived classes and substrate data, reinforced using quantitative statistical analysis based on a confusion matrix. We use sediment samples, video transects and sub-bottom profiles acquired on the Chatham Rise, east of New Zealand. Inferences on the substrate types are made using the Generic Seafloor Acoustic Backscatter (GSAB) model, and the extents of the backscatter classes are delineated by automated supervised segmentation. Correlating substrate data to backscatter classes revealed that backscatter amplitude may correspond to lithologies up to 4 m below the seafloor. Our results emphasise several issues related to substrate characterisation using backscatter classification, primarily because the GSAB model does not only relate to grain size and roughness properties of substrate, but also accounts for other parameters that influence backscatter. Better understanding these limitations allows us to derive first-order interpretations of sediment properties from automated supervised segmentation.  相似文献   

Topsoil morphology indicates bio-effective redox conditions in Venice salt marshes     

Friederike Lang  Moritz von der Lippe  Susanne Schimpel  Tiberio Scozzafava-Jaeger  Wolfgang Straub 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010

Visual traces of iron reduction and oxidation are linked to the redox status of soils and have been used to characterise the quality of agricultural soils. We tested whether this feature could also be used to explain the spatial pattern of the natural vegetation of tidal habitats. If so, an easy assessment of the effect of rising sea level on tidal ecosystems would be possible. Our study was conducted at the salt marshes of the northern lagoon of Venice, which are strongly threatened by erosion and rising sea level and are part of the world heritage “Venice and its lagoon”. We analysed the abundance of plant species at 255 sampling points along a land–sea gradient. In addition, we surveyed the redox morphology (presence/absence of red iron oxide mottles in the greyish topsoil horizons) of the soils and the presence of disturbances. We used indicator species analysis, correlation trees and multivariate regression trees to analyse relations between soil properties and plant species distribution. Plant species with known sensitivity to anaerobic conditions (e.g. Halimione portulacoides) were identified as indicators for oxic soils (showing iron oxide mottles within a greyish soil matrix). Plant species that tolerate a low redox potential (e.g. Spartina maritima) were identified as indicators for anoxic soils (greyish matrix without oxide mottles). Correlation trees and multivariate regression trees indicate the dominant role of the redox morphology of the soils in plant species distribution. In addition, the distance from the mainland and the presence of disturbances were identified as tree-splitting variables. The small-scale variation of oxygen availability plays a key role for the biodiversity of salt marsh ecosystems. Our results suggest that the redox morphology of salt marsh soils indicates the plant availability of oxygen. Thus, the consideration of this indicator may enable an understanding of the heterogeneity of biological processes in oxygen-limited systems and may be a sensitive and easy-to-use tool to assess human impacts on salt marsh ecosystems.  相似文献   

On the structure of the low surface brightness dwarf galaxies in the M81 group     

V. E. Karachentseva  I. D. Karachentsev  G. M. Richter  R. von Berlepsch  K. Fritze 《Astronomische Nachrichten》1987,308(4):247-255

A detailed photometry of spheroidal dwarf galaxies in the M81 group has been carried out. The integral characteristics and the structural parameters of the spheroidal dwarfs has been determined. Their luminosity profiles are well fitted to a King law. The investigated spheroidal dwarfs together with the prototypes of the Local Group form a common sequence according to their main parameters. The observational data presented show that dSphs are not linked evolutionary with normal E and dE galaxies, but probably form a separate branch together with irregular low surface brightness dwarfs.  相似文献