Radio spectra of the low-luminosity active galactic nucleus NGC 266 at centimetre-to-submillimetre wavelengths     

A. Doi  S. Kameno  M. Inoue 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,360(1):119-124

We report multi-frequency and multi-epoch radio continuum observations with multi-spatial resolution for the low-luminosity active galactic nucleus (LLAGN) NGC 266. In the centimetre regime, we find diffuse components with Very Large Array (VLA) observations, and a variable compact core with a rising spectrum with Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations. Although the spectral index of the rising spectrum is consistent with the prediction of the simple advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) model, the observed radio power is slightly high compared with that of the model prediction. A spectral break at centimetre-to-millimetre wavelengths is inferred from the upper limits of flux densities from Nobeyama Millimetre Array (NMA) and James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) data at millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths, respectively. More complicated considerations are required for the theoretical model to interpret such observed radio properties.  相似文献   

Flexure of Europa's lithosphere due to ridge-loading     

T.A. Hurford  R.A. Beyer  B. Schmidt  B. Preblich  A.R. Sarid  R. Greenberg 《Icarus》2005,177(2):380-396

Using photoclinometry, topographic profiles across europan ridges have been produced. These profiles allow the identification of bulges in the terrain adjacent to the ridges. The bulges are assumed to have been produced by flexure of the elastic lithosphere due to the load of the ridges, which lie along cracks in the crust. The distance from the crack to these “fore-bulges” depends on the thickness of the elastic plate being flexed. Based on a survey of ridges in Galileo images with resolution <300 m/pixel, the thickness of the elastic lithosphere has been determined by this method at a wide variety of sites along the leading and trailing hemispheres of Europa. The average thickness is about 200 m. The elastic lithosphere underneath smooth dilational bands tends to be thicker than plains morphology, an effect that is pronounced at Thynia Linea and Astypalaea Linea. Among the ridges investigated here, more recent loading correlates with a thicker elastic lithosphere, which may either reflect an intrinsically thicker layer, or less viscous relaxation over the shorter time period.  相似文献   

Ocean-floor hydrothermal metamorphism in the Limousin ophiolites (western French Massif Central): evidence of a rare preserved Variscan oceanic marker     

J. BERGER  O. FEMENIAS  J. C. C. MERCIER  D. DEMAIFFE 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2005,23(9):795-812

The Limousin ophiolite is located at the suture zone between two major thrust sheets in the western French Massif Central. This ophiolitic section comprises mantle‐harzburgite, mantle‐dunite, wehrlites, troctolites and layered gabbros. It has recorded a static metamorphic event transforming the gabbros into undeformed amphibolites and the magmatic ultramafites into serpentinites and/or pargasite‐bearing chloritites. With various thermobarometric methods, it is possible to show that the different varieties of amphibole have registered low‐P (c. 0.2 GPa) conditions with temperature ranging from high‐T, late‐magmatic conditions to greenschist–zeolite metamorphic facies. The abundance of undeformed metamorphic rocks (which is typical of the lower oceanic crust), the occurrence of Ca–Al (–Mg) metasomatism illustrated by the growth of Ca–Al silicates in veins or replacing the primary magmatic minerals, the P–T conditions of the metamorphism and the numerous similarities with oceanic crustal rocks from Ocean Drilling Program and worldwide ophiolites are the main arguments for an ocean‐floor hydrothermal metamorphism in the vicinity of a palaeo‐ridge. Among the West‐European Variscan ophiolites, the Limousin ophiolites constitute an extremely rare occurrence that has not been involved in any HP (subduction‐related) or MP (orogenic) metamorphism as observed in other ophiolite occurrences (i.e. France, Spain and Germany).  相似文献   

Investigation of the galaxy Markaryan 306     

A. R. Petrosyan  M. Turatto  É. E. Khachikyan 《Astrophysics》1986,24(1):1-8

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Estimation of dispersion in estuaries by a self-consistent method     

D.J. Gunn  O. Yenigun 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1985,21(2):257-272

Longitudinal and transverse dispersion in estuaries may be determined in principle by measuring the change in time of the concentration field of a water soluble dye. In practice, measurements may take the form of several sampling runs crossing the dye patch. The coefficients of dispersion are usually estimated from the second moments of the concentration field; the use of second moments, in particular, introduces errors because measurements at long times or distance are unduly emphasized.A self-consistent method, free of the disadvantages inherent in the use of higher moments, is described in which the distribution of concentration in space is related to the zeroth spatial moment of concentration. In this formulation, based upon sampling runs across the dye patch, the concentration field in the estuary may be directly and simply related to the dispersion coefficients in both the intercept and gradient of a linear graph.The methods are illustrated by the characterization of a series of experiments in the Inner Estuary of Milford Haven.  相似文献   

Seasonal variations in prey selection by estuarine black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus)     

D.J. Curtis  C.G. Galbraith  J.C. Smyth  D.B.A. Thompson 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1985,21(1):75-90

The number of black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) in the Clyde Estuary is large. In summer the average density has reached 1350 gulls km^?2 and in winter 180 gulls km^?2. This paper compares prey selection and feeding efficiency in gulls during summer and winter on tidal flats, and considers how seasonal differences may be adaptations to cope with seasonal changes in prey availability.Gross and net rates of energy intake were highest in summer because gulls captured more of the polychaete N. diversicolor than the amphipod C. volutator. In winter, gulls selected for C. volutator and therefore an energetically less profitable diet. Throughout the year gulls selected more C. volutator relative to N. diversicolor than expected on energetic grounds and so apparently did not maximize potential net rate of energy intake.Gulls used three techniques to capture prey and made most intensive use of the ‘crouch’ technique. Crouching gulls attained a much higher net rate of energy intake than ‘upright’ or ‘paddling’ gulls.A log-linear model showed that (a) season, water depth and gull density determined feeding technique and (b) feeding technique and season independently determined foraging success and prey selection. Thus gull density and water depth acted on prey selection through imposed variations in feeding technique.Reasons for gulls selecting energetically unprofitable C. volutator and for the use of several distinct feeding techniques are discussed.  相似文献   

Robertson-Walker type model with conformally invariant scalar field with trace-free energy momentum tensor     

P. Innaiah  D. R. K. Reddy 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1985,117(1):65-67

A non-static exact solution of the Einstein equations corresponding to a conformally invariant scalar field with trace-free energy momentum tensor is obtained for the Robertson-Walker type metric. Some physical properties of the solution are discussed.  相似文献   

Rigidly rotating modes of the solar magnetic field     

D. V. Erofeev 《Solar physics》1996,167(1-2):25-45

Discrete rigidly rotating components (modes) of the large-scale solar magnetic field have been investigated. We have used a specially calculated basic set of functions to resolve the observed magnetic field into discrete components. This adaptive set of functions, as well as the expansion coefficients, have been found by processing a series of digitized synoptic maps of the background magnetic field over a 20-year period. As a result, dependences have been obtained which describe the spatial structure and the temporal evolution of the 27-day and 28-day rigidly rotating modes of the Sun's magnetic field.The spatial structure of the modes has been compared with simulations based on the known flux-transport equation. In the simulations, the rigidly rotating modes were regarded as stationary states of the magnetic field whose rigid rotation and stability were maintained by a balance between the emergence of magnetic flux from stationary sources located at low latitudes and the horizontal transport of flux by turbulent diffusion and poleward directed meridional flow. Under these assumptions, the structure of the modes is determined solely by the horizontal velocity field of the plasma, except for the low-latitude zone where sources of magnetic flux concentrate. We have found a detailed agreement between the simulations and the results of the data analysis, provided that the amplitude of the meridional flow velocity and the diffusion constant are equal to 9.5 m s^–1 and 600 km² s^–1, respectively.The analysis of the expansion coefficients has shown that the rigidly rotating modes undergo rapid step-like variations which occur quasi-periodically with a period of about two years. These variations are caused by separate surges of magnetic flux in the photosphere, so that each new surge gives rise to a rapid replacement of old large-scale magnetic structures by newly arisen ones.  相似文献   

Chaos and elliptical galaxies     

D. Merritt 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1996,64(1-2):55-67

Recent results on chaos in triaxial galaxy models are reviewed. Central mass concentrations like those observed in early-type galaxies - either stellar cusps, or massive black holes — render most of the box orbits in a triaxial potential stochastic. Typical Liapunov times are 3–5 crossing times, and ensembles of stochastic orbits undergo mixing on timescales that are roughly an order of magnitude longer. The replacement of the regular orbits by stochastic orbits reduces the freedom to construct self-consistent equilibria, and strong triaxiality can be ruled out for galaxies with sufficiently high central mass concentrations.  相似文献   

The Solar System in the Galactic environment     

K. A. Innanen 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1996,72(1-3):1-6

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