Monitoring Large-Scale Tests for Nuclear Waste Disposal     

Eduardo E. Alonso  Sarah M. Springman  Charles W. W. Ng 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2008,26(6):817-826

Two large-scale “in situ” demonstration experiments and their instrumentation are described. The first test (FEBEX Experiment) involves the hydration of a compacted bentonite barrier under the combined effect of an inner source of heat and an outer water flow from the confining saturated granite rock. In the second case, the progressive de-saturation of Opalinus clay induced by maintained ventilation of an unlined tunnel is analyzed. The paper shows the performance of different sensors (capacitive cells, psychrometers, TDR’s) and a comparison of fill behaviour with modelling results. The long term performance of some instruments could also be evaluated specially in the case of FEBEX test. Capacitive sensors provide relative humidity data during long transient periods characterised by very large variations of suction within the bentonite.  相似文献   

四川木洛稀土矿床碳酸岩地球化学   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

朱志敏  郑荣才周家云陈家彪沈 冰 《中国地质》2008,35(4):754-761

木洛稀土矿床成因上与碳酸岩-碱性杂岩密切相关。碳酸岩主要由方解石组成,CaO/（CaO＋MgO＋FeO＋Fe2O3＋MnO）比值在95.7%～99.6%,为方解石碳酸岩。碳酸岩相对富集大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr、LREE,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr、P,高Zr/Hf和La/Nb值,低Sm/Nd和Rb/Sr值,暗示岩石来自富集地幔EMI。地质、地球化学研究表明,木洛碳酸岩是在峨眉山地幔柱地幔遗存物经喜马拉雅造山运动再次活化的产物,但碳酸岩熔浆在上侵过程中受到地壳物质混染。碳酸岩-碱性岩熔浆带来大量稀土元素,并在喜马拉雅造山期造山运动派生的局部引张部位成矿。  相似文献   

富P过铝质岩浆体系的研究现状及存在的问题     

唐勇  张辉  刘丛强  饶冰 《矿物学报》2008,28(1):35-42

高度演化的富P过铝质岩浆体系,具有鲜明的、不同于其他体系的地球化学行为.富P过铝质熔体以富P,高ASI,贫Fe、Mg、Ca,强烈亏损REE、Th、Y以及具有W、Sn、Nb、Ta等金属的矿化为特征.富P过铝质岩浆体系中的碱性长石为富P长石,长石中P可以有效地指示过铝质岩浆体系的演化历程;在岩浆演化的晚期,P与Li具强的亲和性,形成锂辉石-磷铝锂石-羟磷铝锂石的组合.已有的实验研究揭示,P能降低简单花岗岩的液相线和固相线温度、粘度以及增加H2O在熔体中的溶解度.然而,这一体系还存在许多问题亟待研究,P能否促进过铝质岩浆的液态不混溶,能否促使等价不相容元素在过铝质岩浆演化过程中的分异,是否在稀有金属成矿过程中起作用等都是值得关注的问题.  相似文献   

Cyclotron amplification of geomagnetic micropulsations Pc1 in the magnetosphere     

J. A. Jacobs  Y. Higuchi 《Planetary and Space Science》1969,17(12):2009-2016

A numerical analysis of cyclotron instabilities is carried out by computing the dispersion relation for a three component cold plasma-beam system. Rates of growth and damping for various values of the stream density are calculated from the dispersion relation. The rates of growth and damping increase monotonically as the number density of the proton stream increases. It is found that the frequencies at the rates of maximum growth and the damping decrease slightly to lower frequencies and a sharp peak at these frequencies becomes blunt. The minimum e-folding times of an ion cyclotron wave for (a) σ_s = 10⁻⁴, σ_i = 10⁻² and (b) σ_s = 10⁻¹, σ_i = 10⁻² are about 3·84 and 0·16 sec respectively in the vicinity of the equatorial plane at 6 Re, where σ_s and σ_i are the ratios of the beam density N_s and the helium ion (H₆⁺) density N_i to the total positive ions in the plasma-beam system.  相似文献   

GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES OF WATER LEAKAGES FROM RESERVOIRS*     

A. A. OGILVY  M. A. AYED  V. A. BOGOSLOVSKY 《Geophysical Prospecting》1969,17(1):36-62

Considerable water leakages from reservoirs make it difficult to attain the planned storage capacity. In some cases water leakages give rise to suffusion followed by catastrophes. Until recently methods for locating water leakages were extremely imperfect. Geophysical methods offer good prospects in this direction. For solving these problems, it is effective to use streaming potential measurements, water flow rate observations and thermometry. Laboratory experiments were carried out in connection with the fact that water leakages from reservoirs are characterized by negative anomalies of natural currents; the more filtration discharge, the higher these anomalies are. As a result, the relationship governing the intensity of streaming potential and sand granulometric composition, electrolyte concentrations and other factors were revealed. To determine the velocity of water flowing to leakage sites, a special device, based on the relationship between the temperature of a heated body and its resistance, is applied. This device simultaneously makes it possible to measure the water medium temperature. Observations at reservoir sites were effected by moving along the reservoir non-polarizable potential electrodes and water velocity devices. Recordings were carried out automatically by the recording device of the logging apparatus. Under the conditions of ice cover on water surfaces, measurements were made through separate points by digging holes in the ice cover. Practical field observations were carried out at reservoir sites located in regions where fissured massive rocks as well as loose sediments predominate. In the first case field experiments were carried out in alpine reservoirs, in Armenia. The major water leakages were found to be concentrated on the right bank of the reservoir. In this connection it was not only possible to locate water leakage sites, but also to evaluate their relative intensity. These data were used for planning antifiltration measures. In the second case water leakages from a reservoir located in Uzbekistan in the submontane part of the Pamirs were studied. Streaming potential anomalies and high benthonic flow rates made it possible to discover high filtrations in the base and walls of the dam. Further perfection of these methods should not only permit the determination of water leakage sites and their relative intensity, but also filtration discharges in absolute units.  相似文献   

APPROACHES TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF TRADITIONAL SOUTH ASIAN PEASANT DWELLINGS*     

William A. Noble 《The Professional geographer》1969,21(4):264-271

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THE ELECTRICAL CURRENT PATTERN INDUCED BY AN OSCILLATING MAGNETIC DIPOLE IN A SEMI INFINITE CONDUCTIVE THIN PLATE*     

O. KOEFOED  A. P. STRUYK 《Geophysical Prospecting》1969,17(2):182-195

In a paper by Koefoed and Kegge (1968), which was based on previous work of Wesley (1958), the electrical current pattern has been derived that is induced by an oscillating magnetic dipole in a semi-infinite thin plate of infinitesimal resistivity. In the present paper, the range of validity of the assumptions, on which the work of Wesley is based, is subjected to a theoretical analysis. It is found that the decisive factor for the validity of Wesley's derivation is the quotient of the square of the penetration depth of the electrical current over the product of the thickness of the plate and a distance that is indicative of the size of the current loops in the plate. Wesley's derivation is shown to be valid only when this factor is negligible. It is also shown that in this condition the imaginary component of the anomaly must be negligible. Model experiments are described in which the electrical current pattern is studied also in the range in which the derivation of Wesley is not valid. The procedure used in these model experiments was to measure the tangential component of the magnetic field strength very close to the metal plate that simulated the conductive dyke. In order to express the results of the measurements in terms of the imaginary to real ratio, these results are compared with an interpretation graph for field measurements that was published by Hedström and Parasnis (1958). It is found that the current pattern in the plate is essentially the same as that which follows from Wesley's derivation, provided that the imaginary to real ratio is less than one third. The measurements do not permit to draw conclusions regarding the current pattern in the plate in conditions that correspond to larger values of the imaginary to real ratio.  相似文献   

THE LAUSANNE CONGRESS     

G. R. Cooper  G. Petrie  A. D. N. Smith  M. Sowton  K. B. Atkinson 《The Photogrammetric Record》1969,6(33):239-258

The International Society for Photogrammetry held the Xlth International Congress at Lausanne during July 1968. The authors review the activities of five of the seven I.S.P. Commissions.  相似文献   

THOUGHTS ON MAPPING BY PHOTOGRAMMETRY     

V. A. Williams 《The Photogrammetric Record》1968,6(31):18-23

Topics of immediate practical interest formed the basis of the Address. Particular emphasis was placed upon problems of point transfer, pre-marking of ground control points, aerial triangulation by observation of independent models, and the status of photogrammetric operators.  相似文献   

AN OPTICAL METHOD OF MEASURING GRAIN ORIENTATION IN SEDIMENTS     

A. M. WINKELMOLEN  W. VAN DER  KNAAP R. EIJPE 《Sedimentology》1968,11(3-4):183-196

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