Dynamic behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brighton marina, UK     

King AJ  Readman JW  Zhou JL 《Marine pollution bulletin》2004,48(3-4):229-239

The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between various phases is fundamental in the control of their movement and impact in the marine environment. In this study samples of water and sediments were regularly collected from Brighton marina, UK, to quantify the intensity, spatial and temporal variations of PAH contamination. The results show clearly that PAH behaviour in marine systems is highly complex, and controlled by the interplay of PAH sources, compound physicochemical properties, water and sediment movement, and field conditions. Levels of total PAHs (16 compounds) in the dissolved phase were found to vary between <2 and 11,400 ng/l, with higher values observed in the winter months. Total PAH concentration in sediment samples varied between 24 and 4710 ng/g dry weight. PAHs in water were dominated by low molecular mass compounds (2-ring), while PAHs in sediments were mainly derived from 2-4 ring compounds. In addition, dissolved concentrations were increased during sediment dredging and after a period of severe rainfall. PAHs in Brighton marina are likely to be from both pyrolytic and petrogenic sources; as a result, field-derived distribution coefficients for individual PAHs between sediment and water tend to follow the equilibrium partition models, although slight exceedance is apparent. The extended partition model incorporating soot carbon has achieved limited success in better predicting PAH behaviour.  相似文献   

Discovery of a Color-selected Quasar at z = 5.50     

Stern D  Spinrad H  Eisenhardt P  Bunker AJ  Dawson S  Stanford SA  Elston R 《The Astrophysical journal》2000,535(2):L75-L78

I show how the existing observational data on Local Group dwarf galaxies can be used to estimate the average star formation law during the first 3 Gyr of the history of the universe. I find that the observational data are consistent with the orthodox Schmidt law with a star formation efficiency of about 4% if the star formation is continuous (during the first 3 Gyr). The efficiency is proportionally higher if most of the gas in the dwarfs was consumed (and never replenished) in a short time interval well before the universe turned 3 Gyr.  相似文献   

Experimental transplanting of Posidonia australis seagrass in Port Hacking, Australia, to assess the feasibility of restoration     

Meehan AJ  West RJ 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(1):25-31

Over the last 50 years, about one-third of the original area of the seagrass Posidonia australis has been lost from Port Hacking (Australia) due to anthropogenic impacts. To assess the feasibility of restoring these seagrass meadows, healthy Posidonia rhizomes were transplanted to four impact sites and one control site. Survival rates of transplanted shoots were monitored in situ bi-monthly for 16 months and, at the end of the experiment, rhizome growth, shoot growth, shoot production and growth architecture were assessed by harvesting tagged rhizomes. A total of 575 shoots were transplanted and after 16 months 650 shoots were present. Four of the five sites exhibited high survival rates in the short term (less than six months) but only two impact sites, Burraneer Bay (BB) and Red Jacks Point (RJP), and the control site (CS) survived to the end of the experiment. Total number of shoots increased by 61% at CS, tripled at BB, but decreased by 22% at RJP. Rhizome growth varied significantly between site, from 22.3 +/- 1.4 cm yr(-1) at BB to 9.1 +/- 1.0 cm yr(-1) at RJP. Shoot growth did not vary significantly between sites and was approximately 2-3 cm yr(-1). At BB and CS there was substantial colonisation of the surrounding substrate, with new rhizomes, orthotropic shoots and transitional shoots produced. Survival of transplants appeared to depend on whether the factors that had caused the original loss of Posidonia were still operating in the study area.  相似文献   

Understanding ship-grounding impacts on a coral reef: potential effects of anti-foulant paint contamination on coral recruitment     

Negri AP  Smith LD  Webster NS  Heyward AJ 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(2):111-117

The 184 m cargo ship Bunga Teratai Satu collided with Sudbury Reef, part of the Great Barrier Reef and remained grounded for 12 days. The ship was re-floated only 3 days prior to the November 2000 mass coral spawning. No cargo or fuel was lost but the impact resulted in significant contamination of the reef with anti-foulant paint containing tributyltin (TBT), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Larvae of the reef-building scleractinian coral Acropora microphthalma were exposed to various concentrations of sediment collected from the grounding site in replicated laboratory experiments. Two experiments were performed, both of which used varying ratios of contaminated and control site sediment in seawater as treatments. In the first experiment, the influence of contaminated sediment on larval competency was examined using metamorphosis bioassays. In the second, the effect of contaminated sediment upon larval recruitment on pre-conditioned terracotta tiles was assessed. In both experiments, sediment containing 8.0 mg kg(-1) TBT, 72 mg kg(-1) Cu and 92 mg kg(-1) Zn significantly inhibited larval settlement and metamorphosis. At this level of contamination larvae survived but contracted to a spherical shape and swimming and searching behaviour ceased. At higher contamination levels, 100% mortality was recorded. These results indicate that the contamination of sediment by anti-fouling paint at Sudbury Reef has the potential to significantly reduce coral recruitment in the immediate vicinity of the site and that this contamination may threaten the recovery of the resident coral community unless the paint is removed.  相似文献   

Contaminant levels in the muscle of four species of fish important to the recreational fishery of the New York Bight Apex     

Deshpande AD  Draxler AF  Zdanowicz VS  Schrock ME  Paulson AJ 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(2):164-171

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Carbonate petrography, kerogen distribution, and carbon and oxygen isotope variations in an early Proterozoic transition from limestone to iron-formation deposition, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa     

Beukes NJ  Klein C  Kaufman AJ  Hayes JM 《Economic geology and the bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists》1990,85(4):663-690

The transition zone comprises Campbellrand microbialaminated (replacing "cryptalgalaminate") limestone and shale, with minor dolomite, conformably overlain by the Kuruman Iron Formation of which the basal part is characterized by siderite-rich microbanded iron-formation with minor magnetite and some hematite-containing units. The iron-formation contains subordinate intraclastic and microbialaminated siderite mesobands and was deposited in deeper water than the limestones. The sequence is virtually unaltered with diagenetic mineral assemblages reflecting a temperature interval of about 110 degrees to 170 degrees C and pressures of 2 kbars. Carbonate minerals in the different rock types are represented by primary micritic precipitates (now recrystallized to microsparite), early precompactional sparry cements and concretions, deep burial limpid euhedral sparites, and spar cements precipitated from metamorphic fluids in close contact with diabase sills. Paragenetic pathways of the carbonate minerals are broadly similar in all lithofacies with kerogen intimately associated with them. Kerogen occurs as pigmentation in carbonate crystals, as reworked organic detritus in clastic-textured carbonate units, and as segregations of kerogen pigment around late diagenetic carbonate crystals. Locally kerogen may also be replaced by carbonate spar. Carbon isotope compositions of the carbonate minerals and kerogen are dependent on their mode of occurrence and on the composition of the dominant carbonate species in a specific lithofacies. Integration of sedimentary, petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic results makes it possible to distinguish between depositional, early diagenetic, deep burial, and metamorphic effects on the isotopic compositions of the carbonate minerals and the kerogen in the sequence. Major conclusions are that deep burial thermal decarboxylation led to 13C depletion in euhedral ferroan sparites and 13C enrichment in kerogen (organic carbon). Metamorphic sparites are most depleted in 13C. Carbonates in oxide-rich iron-formations are more depleted in 13C than those in siderite-rich iron-formation whereas the kerogens in oxide banded iron-formations (BIF) are more enriched. This implies that the siderite-rich iron-formations were not derived from oxide-rich iron-formation through reduction of ferric iron by organic matter. Organic matter oxidation by ferric iron did, however, decrease the abundance of kerogen in oxide-rich iron-formation and led to the formation of isotopically very light sparry carbonates. Siderite and calcmicrosparite both represent recrystallized primary micritic precipitates but differ in their 13C composition, with the siderites depleted in 13C by 4.6 per mil on average relative to calcmicrosparite. This means that the siderites were precipitated from water with dissolved inorganic carbon depleted in 13C by about 9 per mil relative to that from which the limestones precipitated. This implies an ocean system stratified with regard to total carbonate, with the deeper water, from which siderite-rich iron-formation formed, depleted in 13C. Iron-formations were deposited in areas of very low organic matter supply. Depletion of 13C may, therefore, derive not from degradation of organic matter but from hydrothermal activity, a conclusion which is supported by 18O composition of the carbonate minerals and trace element and rare earth element (REE) compositions of the iron-formations.  相似文献   

用湖泊沉积研究过去气候变化   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

韦朝阳  万国江 《地质地球化学》1995,(1):54-57

湖泊沉积是一种具高分辨率的自然档案，记载了丰富的过去气候变迁信息；研究湖泊沉积，从中提取气候代用指标，可以恢复区域过去气候变迁史，进而推断过去全球气候变化。评述了目前研究和应用较多的十几种气候代用指标，如孢粉、碳和氧同位素、微体化石、分子化合物、碳酸钙含量、有机碳含量、藻类、沉积物粒径、矿物组合等；指出了当前特别重要的是要对各种气候代用指标的形成及其变化过程、气候代用指标的具体环境意义作深入细致的  相似文献   

采矿及相关活动对美国爱达荷州科伦达湖中沉积物微量元素地球化学…     

Horo.  AJ 马生明 《物探化探译丛》1995,(4):48-54

１９８９年至１９９０年间，在爱达荷州科伦达湖中采集了１２组重力岩心样品和１５０个抓取的湖底沉积物样品，用于确定湖底沉积物中微量元素的浓度、分配以及表层和下部微量元素的分布模式。此外，从一个钻孔中选取副样分析放射性＾１３７Ｃｓ，用以开始确立该湖的向量元素地球化学演化史。  相似文献   

解算共线方程的迭代线性变换算法     

Nafet  AJ 周治雄 《测绘译丛》1992,(6):23-31

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南极罗斯造山带中寒武纪主要变形的证据     

Rowe  AJ 李瑞兰 《国外地质与勘测》1993,(1):1-5

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