The Lithospheric Mantle beneath Continental Margins: Melting and Melt-Rock Reaction in Canadian Cordillera Xenoliths   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

PESLIER  ANNE H.; FRANCIS  DON; LUDDEN  JOHN 《Journal of Petrology》2002,43(11):2013-2047

Seven alkali basalt centers in the southern Canadian Cordilleracontain mantle xenolith suites that comprise spinel Cr-diopsideperidotites, spinel augite-bearing wehrlites and orthopyroxene-poorlherzolites, and minor pyroxenites. The Cr-diopside peridotitesappear to be residues of the extraction of Mg-rich basalts byup to 15% partial melting (median 5–10%) of a pyrolite-likesource in the spinel stability field. The xenoliths are similarto other mantle xenolith suites derived from beneath convergentcontinental margins, but are less depleted, less oxidized, andhave lower spinel mg-number than peridotites found in fore-arcsettings. Their dominant high field strength element depletedcharacter, however, is typical of arc lavas, and may suggestthat fluids or melts circulating through the Canadian Cordilleralithosphere were subduction related. Modeling using MELTS isconsistent with the augite-bearing xenoliths being formed byinteraction between crystallizing alkaline melts and peridotite.Assimilation–fractional crystallization modeling suggeststhat the trace element patterns of liquids in equilibrium withthe augite xenoliths may represent the initial melts that reactedwith the peridotite. Moreover, the compositions of these meltsare similar to those of some glasses observed in the mantlexenoliths. Melt–rock interaction may thus be a viablemechanism for the formation of Si- and alkali-rich glass inperidotites. KEY WORDS: Canadian Cordillera; mantle xenolith; peridotite; wehrlite; melt–rock reaction  相似文献   

Mudslides Developed on Waitemata Group Rocks, Tawharanui Peninsula, North Auckland   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

VICKI MOON  REW DE LANGE  WILLEM DE LANGE 《New Zealand geographer》2003,59(2):44-53

On Tawharanui Peninsula mudslides occur in soils developed on Waitemata Group flysch similar to that underlying much of the Auckland metropolitan area. Mudslides are shallow soil failures with a bowlshaped source area, an elongated track, and an accumulation zone. Movement may continue for decades to centuries. Modelling suggests that failure of saturated soils occurs along a basal surface defined by the regolith / bedrock contact; rates of movement and time of initiation have not been established. Reactivation or increased mobility of mudslides due to climatic change represents an increased hazard for infrastructure in Auckland City.  相似文献   

旋转流场中的格子波耳兹曼模型   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

冯士德  赵颖  茑原道久  季仲贞 《地球物理学报》2002,45(2):170-175

在大尺度的旋转流场中,由于存在哥氏力,使流体的流动出现了一系列复杂的动力学现象.在原格子Boltzmann模型研究的基础上,引入了哥氏力效应,发展了一个旋转流场中的格子Boltzmann模型.从该模型出发可导出地球流体力学方程,用这一模型对理想边界条件下的北半球大气环流进行了数值计算.数值结果很好地再现了大尺度地转流的流动特征.从理论和数值实验上验证了该模型的适用性.  相似文献   

Mass transfer and preferred orientation development during extensional microcracking in slate-belt folds, Elura Mine, Australia     

J. A. DE ROO 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1989,7(3):311-322

Microstructures in slate belt rocks at the Elura Mine, near Cobar, south-eastern Australia, indicate that volume loss by syntectonic dissolution is coupled with mass accretion by reprecipitation of the dissolved material in dilational sites. The mass accretion is sustained primarily by repetitive tensile microfracturing at high pore-fluid pressures. Oriented growth in the inter- and intragranular microcracks is locally host-controlled, creating lattice- and shape-preferred orientations. The grain-scale crack-seal features throughout the rock reflect rhythmic fluid pressure fluctuations; a balance is achieved between the fracture-induced permeability (and consequent flushing rates), and the rate of fluid build-up in a relatively sealed environment.
Instability in the balancing factors can lead to localization and intensification of tensile failure (and hence, tension vein formation) in the grain aggregate. Growth of veins by crack-seal also reflects a steady state, but with more localized fluctuations of fluid flow on the aggregate scale. Still larger imbalances between flushing and fluid accumulation (i.e. pressure variations) induce breccia veining. The larger pressure gradients over greater distances, associated with dilation localization (from pervasive microfracturing to spaced breccia domains), allow fluid channelling with an increased potential for chemical fluid/rock disequilibrium. Therefore, large breccia vein systems tend to be sites of extensive fluid/rock interaction and replacement, as spectacularly illustrated by the syntectonic sulphide orebodies at Elura. The huge amounts of silicate, carbonate and sulphide accumulated during folding at Elura illustrate the large scale of source and sink couples possible in solute mass transfer.  相似文献   

Short‐term volume changes of the Greenland ice sheet in response to doubled CO₂ conditions     

R. S. W. VAN DE WAL  M. WILD  J. DE WOLDE 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2001,53(1):94-102

This paper focuses on the rôle of accumulation and cloudiness changes in the response of the Greenland ice sheet to global warming. Changes in accumulation or cloudiness were often neglected, or coupled to temperature changes. We used model output on temperature, precipitation and cloudiness from a GCM (ECHAM4 T106). The GCM output was used to drive the Greenland model that exists of a vertically averaged ice flow model, coupled to a 1D surface energy balance model that calculates the ablation. Variables are temperature, accumulation and cloudiness. Sensitivity experiments with this model show that changes in accumulation are very important for the ice sheet mass balance, whereas cloudiness is of secondary importance. If the Greenland model is forced by the GCM output, the Greenland model is found to contribute 70% less to sea level rise after 70 years than is indicated by the results presented in the IPCC report. This large discrepancy is mainly due to the fact that the enhanced ablation is strongly compensated by increased accumulation. Comparing the result obtained here with changes in mass balance derived directly from the same general circulation model, indicates a 20% larger contribution to sea level. This increase is due to changes in ice flow, and a different method for the ablation calculation.  相似文献   

The Role of the Solar Cycle in the Relationship Between the North Atlantic Oscillation and Northern Hemisphere Surface Temperatures     

Laura DE LA TORRE  Luis GIMENO  Juan Antonio A  ~NEL  Raquel NIETO 《大气科学进展》2007,24(2):191-198

The North Atlantic Oscillation （NAO） is one of the leading modes of climate variability in the Northern Hemisphere. It has been shown that it clearly relates to changes in meteorological variables, such as surface temperature, at hemispherical scales. However, recent studies have revealed that the NAO spatial pattern also depends upon solar forcing. Therefore, its effects on meteorological variables must vary depending upon this factor. Moreover, it could be that the Sun affects climate through variability patterns, a hypothesis that is the focus of this study. We find that the relationship between the NAO/AO and hemispheric temperature varies depending upon solar activity. The results show a positive significant correlation only when solar activity is high. Also, the results support the idea that solar activity influences tropospheric climate fluctuations in the Northern Hemisphere via the fluctuations of the stratospheric polar vortex .  相似文献   

Ice-marginal debris-flow deposits in western Allgau, southern West Germany     

MAT G.G. DE JONG  MARTIN RAPPOL 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1983,12(1):57-70

Ice-marginal debris-flow deposits (comparable to deposits elsewhere described as flow tills) are described from glacier-proximal sediments in an Alpine foreland area. Debris-flow deposits are characteristically interstratified with subaeric or subaquatie meltwater deposits, and occur in a wide variety of geomorpho-logical settings. The granulomctric composition of debris-flow deposits is more variable than that of subglacial tills. Within-flow variability may occur as a result of the formation of graded bedding, lateral as well as vertical. Clast fabrics show both random and preferred orientations; unequivocal interpretation of these is not possible. Debris-flow deposits are composed of material derived from various sources: sources from subglaeially-derived debris as well as from previously deposited tills and walerlain sediments can be demonstrated.  相似文献   

BOUNDARY LAYER CLIMATES. By T. R. Oke.     

CHRISTOPHER R. DE  FREITAS 《New Zealand geographer》1979,35(2):94-94

  相似文献   

The Merzbacher & Eggler (1984) Geohygrometer: a Cautionary Note on its Suitability for High-K Suites     

SCHMITT  A. K.; DE SILVA  S. L. 《Journal of Petrology》2000,41(3):357-362

The use of the popular Merzbacher & Eggler (1984, Geology12, 587–590) experimental geohygrometer for calcalkalineandesites and dacites is critically evaluated and two pitfallsare found. First, calculation of the correct projection parametersis problematic because two endmember calculation schemes arefound in the literature; Baker & Eggler (1983, Journal ofVolcanology and Geothermal Research 18, 387–404) and Walkeret al. (1979, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 70,111–125). Although related, these two schemes have crucialdifferences that can result in very different projection parametersfor the plagioclase component. This is most crucial for high-Kcompositions; H₂O contents estimated using the Walker et al.(1979) scheme can be as much as 100% higher than those estimatedusing the Baker & Eggler (1983) projection. Incorrect projectionparameter calculation has led to overestimation of water contentsin high-K andesites and dacites from the Central Andes. Second,for medium-K and high-K andesitic–dacitic compositionswater contents derived using the Merzbacher & Eggler (1984)geohygrometer deviate considerably from water contents estimatedusing other methods. Experimental data from the literature,and our studies of water contents inferred from melt inclusionsand plagioclase–melt equilibrium for dacites from theAltiplano–Puna Volcanic Complex of the Central Andes indicatethat the Merzbacher & Eggler (1984) geohygrometer shouldnot be applied to compositions with K₂O >1·9 wt %,as originally calibrated. KEY WORDS: magmatic volatiles; pre-eruptive water; experimental geohygrometer; high-K suites; melt inclusion  相似文献   

Variations in the provenance of sediment from ice sheets surrounding Baffin Bay during MIS 2 and 3 and export to the Labrador Shelf Sea: site HU2008029‐0008 Davis Strait          下载免费PDF全文

JOHN T. ANDREWS  OLIVIA T. GIBB  ANNE E. JENNINGS  QUENTIN SIMON 《第四纪科学杂志》2014,29(1):3-13

  相似文献