Sediment balances in the Blue Nile River Basin   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Yasir SAALI  Alessandra CROSATO  Yasir AMOHAMED  Seifeldin HABDALLA  Nigel GWRIGHT 《国际泥沙研究》2014,29(3):316-328

Rapid population growth in the upper Blue Nile basin has led to fast land-use changes from natural forest to agricultural land.This resulted in speeding up the soil erosion process in the highlands and increasing sedimentation further downstream in reservoirs and irrigation canals.At present,several dams are planned across the Blue Nile River in Ethiopia and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam is currently under construction near the border with Sudan.This will be the largest hydroelectric power plant in Africa.The objective of this paper is to quantify the river flows and sediment loads along the Blue Nile River network.The Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to estimate the water flows from un-gauged sub-basins.To assess model performance,the estimated sediment loads were compared to the measured ones at selected locations.For the gauged sub-basins,water flows and sediment loads were derived from the available flow and sediment data.To fill in knowledge gaps,this study included a field survey in which new data on suspended solids and flow discharge were collected along the Blue Nile and on a number of tributaries.The comparison between the results of this study and previous estimates of the sediment load of the Blue Nile River at El Deim,near the Ethiopian Sudanese border,show that the sediment budgets have the right order of magnitude,although some uncertainties remain.This gives confidence in the results of this study providing the first sediment balance of the entire Blue Nile catchment at the sub-basin scale.  相似文献   

A kriging approach based on Aitchison geometry for the characterization of particle-size curves in heterogeneous aquifers   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Alessandra Menafoglio  Alberto Guadagnini  Piercesare Secchi 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2014,28(7):1835-1851

We consider the problem of predicting the spatial field of particle-size curves (PSCs) from a sample observed at a finite set of locations within an alluvial aquifer near the city of Tübingen, Germany. We interpret PSCs as cumulative distribution functions and their derivatives as probability density functions. We thus (a) embed the available data into an infinite-dimensional Hilbert Space of compositional functions endowed with the Aitchison geometry and (b) develop new geostatistical methods for the analysis of spatially dependent functional compositional data. This approach enables one to provide predictions at unsampled locations for these types of data, which are commonly available in hydrogeological applications, together with a quantification of the associated uncertainty. The proposed functional compositional kriging (FCK) predictor is tested on a one-dimensional application relying on a set of 60 PSCs collected along a 5-m deep borehole at the test site. The quality of FCK predictions of PSCs is evaluated through leave-one-out cross-validation on the available data, smoothed by means of Bernstein Polynomials. A comparison of estimates of hydraulic conductivity obtained via our FCK approach against those rendered by classical kriging of effective particle diameters (i.e., quantiles of the PSCs) is provided. Unlike traditional approaches, our method fully exploits the functional form of PSCs and enables one to project the complete information content embedded in the PSC to unsampled locations in the system.  相似文献   

Direct and indirect inversions     

Jean?VirieuxEmail author  Romain?Brossier  Ludovic?Métivier  Stéphane?Operto  Alessandra?Ribodetti 《Journal of Seismology》2016,20(4):1107-1121

A bridge is highlighted between the direct inversion and the indirect inversion. They are based on fundamental different approaches: one is looking after a projection from the data space to the model space while the other one is reducing a misfit between observed data and synthetic data obtained from a given model. However, it is possible to obtain similar structures for model perturbation, and we shall focus on P-wave velocity reconstruction. This bridge is built up through the Born approximation linearizing the forward problem with respect to model perturbation and through asymptotic approximations of the Green functions of the wave propagation equation. We first describe the direct inversion and its ingredients and then we focus on a specific misfit function design leading to a indirect inversion. Finally, we shall compare this indirect inversion with more standard least-squares inversion as the FWI, enabling the focus on small weak velocity perturbations on one side and the speed-up of the velocity perturbation reconstruction on the other side. This bridge has been proposed by the group led by Raul Madariaga in the early nineties, emphasizing his leading role in efficient imaging workflows for seismic velocity reconstruction, a drastic requirement at that time.  相似文献   

Mapping and monitoring net primary productivity with AVHRR NDVI time-series: statistical equivalence of cumulative vegetation indices   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Carlo Ricotta  Giancarlo Avena  Alessandra De Palma 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》1999,54(5-6)

In the last two decades, numerous investigators have proposed cumulative vegetation indices (i.e., functions which encode the cumulative effect of NDVI maximum value composite time-series into a single variable) for net primary productivity (NPP) mapping and monitoring on a regional to continental basis. In this paper, we investigate the relationships among three of the most commonly used cumulative vegetation indices, expanding on the definition of equivalence of remotely sensed vegetation indices for decision making. We consider two cumulative vegetation indices as equivalent, if the value of one index is statistically predictable from the value of the other index. Using an annual time-series of broad-scale AVHRR NDVI monthly maximum value composites of the island of Corsica (France), we show that the pairwise linear association among the analysed cumulative vegetation indices shows coefficients of determination (R²) higher than 0.99. That is, knowing the value of one index is statistically equivalent to knowing the value of the other indices for application purposes.  相似文献   

Frequency analysis of the stability of asteroids in the framework of the restricted three-body problem   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Alessandra?CellettiEmail author  Claude?Froeschlé  Elena?Lega 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2004,90(3-4):245-266

The stability of some asteroids, in the framework of the restricted three-body problem, has been recently proved in (Celletti and Chierchia, 2003), by developing an isoenergetic KAM theorem. More precisely, having fixed a level of energy related to the motion of the asteroid, the stability can be obtained by showing the existence of nearby trapping invariant tori existing at the same energy level. The analytical results are compatible with the astronomical observations, since the theorem is valid for the realistic mass-ratio of the primaries. The model adopted in (Celletti and Chierchia, 2003), is the planar, circular, restricted three-body model, in which only the most significant contributions of the Fourier development of the perturbation are retained. In this paper we investigate numerically the stability of the same asteroids considered in (Celletti and Chierchia, 2003), (namely, Iris, Victoria and Renzia). In particular, we implement the nowadays standard method of frequency-map analysis and we compare our investigation with the analytical results on the planar, circular model with the truncated perturbing function. By means of frequency analysis, we study the behaviour of the bounding tori and henceforth we infer stability properties on the dynamics of the asteroids. In order to test the validity of the truncated Hamiltonian, we consider also the complete expression of the perturbing function on which we perform again frequency analysis. We investigate also more realistic models, taking into account the eccentricity of the trajectory of Jupiter (planar-elliptic problem) or the relative inclination of the orbits (circular-inclined model). We did not find a relevant discrepancy among the different models.  相似文献   

Fluid inclusions in apatite from Jacupiranga calcite carbonatites: Evidence for a fluid-stratified carbonatite magma chamber     

Alessandra Costanzo  Kathryn Ruth Moore  Frances Wall  Martin Feely 《Lithos》2006,91(1-4):208-228

Carbonatites of the Jacupiranga alkaline–carbonatite complex in São Paulo State, Brazil, were used to investigate mineral–fluid interaction in a carbonatite magma chamber because apatite showed a marked discontinuity between primary fluid inclusion-rich cores and fluid inclusion-poor rims. Sylvite and burbankite, apatite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and ilmenite are the common phases occurring as trapped solids within primary fluid inclusions and reflect the general assemblage of the carbonatite. The apatite cores had higher Sr and REE concentrations than apatite rims, due to the presence of fluid inclusions into which these elements partitioned. A positive cerium anomaly was observed in both the core and rim of apatite crystals because oxidised Ce⁴⁺ partitioned into the magma. The combined evidence from apatite chemistry, fluid inclusion distribution and fluid composition was used to test the hypotheses that the limit of fluid inclusion occurrence within apatite crystals arises from: (1) generation of a separate fluid phase; (2) utilization of all available fluid during the first stage of crystallization; (3) removal of crystals from fluid-rich magma to fluid-poor magma; (4) an increase in the growth rate of apatite; or (5) escape of the fluids from the rim of the apatite after crystallization. The findings are consistent with fractionation and crystal settling of a carbonatite assemblage in a fluid-stratified magma chamber. Secondary fluid inclusions were trapped during a hydrothermal event that precipitated an assemblage of anhedral crystals: strontianite, carbocernaite, barytocalcite, barite and norsethite, pyrophanite, magnesian siderite and baddeleyite, ancylite-(Ce), monazite-(Ce) and allanite. The Sr- and REE-rich nature of the secondary assemblage, and lack of a positive cerium anomaly indicate that hydrothermal fluids have a similar source to the primary magma and are related to a later carbonatite intrusion.  相似文献   

Archaeometric Study of Mortars from the Garum Shop at Pompeii,Campania, Italy     

Raffaella De Luca  Domenico Miriello  Alessandra Pecci  Salvador Domínguez‐Bella  Dario Bernal‐Casasola  Daniela Cottica  Andrea Bloise  Gino Mirocle Crisci 《Geoarchaeology》2015,30(4):330-351

This paper presents the results of the compositional study of 29 samples of mortar from the so‐called “Garum Shop” (I, 12, 8) at Pompeii in Southern Italy. The characterization of the samples yielded information on the raw materials used in the mixtures, the production technology of mortars, and the building phases. It was carried out through polarized optical microscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence, microanalysis energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopic microanalysis, and image analysis through the JMicroVision software. The resultant data show great compositional homogeneity among the samples, suggesting the presence of a principal construction phase, probably associated with the first phase of the house. Apart from this main construction phase, there are some samples that show differences related either to their different function or to the fact that they come from different construction phases or restoration works. The raw materials used are related to the geology of the area and are fully compatible with the pyroclastic deposits of Vesuvius.  相似文献   

Oceanic influence on the sub-seasonal to interannual timing and frequency of extreme dry spells over the West African Sahel     

Seyni Salack  Alessandra Giannini  Moussa Diakhaté  Amadou. T. Gaye  Bertrand Muller 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(1-2):189-201

Intra-seasonal drought episodes (extreme dry spells) are strongly linked to crop yield loss in the West African Sahel, especially when they occur at crop critical stages such as juvenile or flowering stage. This paper seeks to expose potentially predictable features in the sub-seasonal to inter-annual occurrence of “extreme dry spells” (extDS) through their links to sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs). We consider two kinds of extreme dry spells: more than 2 weeks of consecutive dry days following a rain event (often found at the beginning of the rainy season, after the first rain events) and more than a week (observed towards the end of the rainy season, before the last rain events). We extract dry spells from daily rainfall data at 43 stations (31 stations in Senegal over 1950–2010 and 12 stations in Niger over 1960–2000) to identify the intra-seasonal distribution of extDS and their significant correlation with local rainfall deficits. Seasonality of distribution and high spatial coherence are found in the timing and the frequency of occurrence of extDS in different rainfall regions over Niger and Senegal. The correlation between the regional occurrence index (ROI), necessary to capture the spatial extent of extDS, and observed global sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) sheds light on the influence of the external factors on the decadal, interannual and sub-seasonal variability of extDS over the West African Sahel. When the global tropics and the Atlantic are warmer than normal, more coherent and delayed June–July extDS are observed after onset of rainy season, as well as early cessation type in August–September. When the Indo-Pacific is cooler and the equatorial south Atlantic is warmer than normal little to no extDS are found in the onset sub-period of the monsoon season. Mostly late types of extDS occur in October as a result of late cessation. These results show potential predictability of extreme dry spells after onset and before cessation of monsoonal rain based on global patterns of sea surface temperature anomalies.  相似文献   

Al Huwaysah 010: The most reduced brachinite,so far     

Cristian Carli  Anna Barbaro  Mara Murri  Maria Chiara Domeneghetti  Antonio Langone  Enrico Bruschini  Alice Stephant  Matteo Alvaro  Stefania Stefani  Tiberio Cuppone  Martina Casalini  Alessandra Migliorini  Ted L. Roush  Giovanni Pratesi 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2023,58(6):855-874

Al Huwaysah 010 is an ungrouped achondrite meteorite, recently referred to as a brachinite-like meteorite. This meteorite, showing a fine-grained assemblage of low-Ca pyroxene and opaque phases, is strongly reduced in comparison to other reduced brachinites. The occurrence of some tiny plates of graphite and oldhamite in this meteorite suggests that a partial melt residue has experienced a further reduction process. Olivine, the most abundant phase, is compositionally homogeneous (Fo_83.3) as well as the clinopyroxene (En_45.5Fs_10.8Wo_43.7) and the plagioclase (Ab_69.5). Orthopyroxene (En_85.4Fs_13.9Wo_0.7) also occurs but only in a fine intergrowth. Other accessory phases are Fe metal grains (Ni-free or Cr-bearing Fe-Ni alloy), troilite, chlorapatite, pentlandite (as inclusions in chromite). The sample shows two different closure temperatures: the highest (≈900°C) is determined via the olivine–chromite intercrystalline geothermometer and the lowest temperature (≈520°C) is determined via the pyroxene-based intracrystalline geothermometer. These temperatures may represent, respectively, the closure temperature associated with the formation and a subsequent impact event excavating the sample from the parental body. The visible to near-infrared (VNIR) reflectance spectra of Al Huwaysah 010 exhibit low reflectance, consistent with the presence of darkening components, and weak absorptions indicative of olivine and pyroxene. Comparing the spectral parameters of Al Huwaysah 010 to potential parent bodies characterized by olivine–pyroxene mineralogy, we find that it falls within the field previously attributed to the SIII type asteroids. These results lead us to classify the Al Huwaysah 010 meteorite as the most reduced brachinite, whose VNIR spectral features show strong affinities with those of SIII asteroids.  相似文献   

Editorial     

Alessandra Celletti  Sylvio Ferraz-Mello 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2014,119(3-4):219-219

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