Reply to “Discussion 2 on ‘Introspection on improper seismic retrofit of Basilica Santa Maria di Collemaggio after 2009 Italian earthquake’ by G.P. Cimellaro, A.M. Reinhorn and A.De Stefano” by Enzo Cartapati     

Gian Paolo Cimellaro  Andrei M. Reinhorn  Alessandro De Stefano 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2012,11(2):291-292

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Reply to “Discussion 2 on ‘Introspection on improper seismic retrofit of Basilica Santa Maria di Collemaggio after 2009 Italian earthquake' by G.P.Cimellaro, A.M.Reinhorn and A.De Stefano” by Enzo Cartapati     

Gian Paolo Cimellaro  Andrei M. Reinhorn  Alessandro De Stefano 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2012,11(2):291-292

The authors thank the discusser for the additional information,which is provided related to the historical interventions of the church through the centuries.This information was known to the authors,however they decided not to include it in the paper because of lack of space.Additional details regarding the retrofit interventions of the church can also be found in the MCEER report regarding the L'Aquila earthquake (Cimellaro et al.,2010).  相似文献   

Observation of Hamiltonian chaos in wave–particle interaction     

Fabrice Doveil  Alessandro Macor  Anass Aïssi 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2008,102(1-3):255-272

The motion of charged particle in longitudinal waves is a paradigm for the transition to large scale chaos in Hamiltonian systems. Recently a test cold electron beam has been used to observe its non-self-consistent interaction with externally excited wave(s) in a specially designed Traveling Wave Tube (TWT). The velocity distribution function of the electron beam is recorded with a trochoidal energy analyzer at the output of the TWT. An arbitrary waveform generator is used to launch a prescribed spectrum of waves along the slow wave structure (a 4 m long helix) of the TWT. The resonant velocity domain associated to a single wave is observed, as well as the transition to large scale chaos when the resonant domains of two waves and their secondary resonances overlap. This transition exhibits a “devil’s staircase” behavior when increasing the excitation amplitude in agreement with numerical simulation. A new strategy for control of chaos by building barriers of transport which prevent electrons to escape from a given velocity region as well as its robustness are also successfully tested. Thus generic features of Hamiltonian chaos have been experimentally observed.  相似文献   

Optical emission from massive donors in ultraluminous X-ray source binary systems     

Alessandro Patruno  Luca Zampieri 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,386(1):543-552

We present evolutionary tracks of binary systems with high-mass companion stars and stellar-through-intermediate mass black holes (BHs). Using Eggleton's stellar evolution code, we compute the luminosity produced by accretion from the donor during its entire evolution. We compute also the evolution of the optical luminosity and colours of the binary system taking the disc contribution and irradiation effects into account. The calculations presented here can be used to constrain the properties of the donor stars in ultraluminous X-ray sources by comparing their position on the Hertzsprung–Russell or colour–magnitude diagrams with the evolutionary tracks of massive BH binaries. This approach may actually provide interesting clues also on the properties of the binary system itself, including the BH mass. We found that, on the basis of their position on the colour–magnitude diagram, some of the candidate counterparts considered can be ruled out and more stringent constraints can be applied to the donor masses.  相似文献   

Effects of the filtering action exerted by piles on the seismic response of RC frame buildings     

Luca de Sanctis  Raffaele Di Laora  Nicola Caterino  Giuseppe Maddaloni  Stefano Aversa  Alessandro Mandolini  Antonio Occhiuzzi 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2015,13(11):3259-3275

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Earthquake early warning feasibility in the Campania region (southern Italy) and demonstration system for public school buildings     

Antonio Emolo  Matteo Picozzi  Gaetano Festa  Claudio Martino  Simona Colombelli  Alessandro Caruso  Luca Elia  Aldo Zollo  Piero Brondi  Nicola Miranda 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2016,14(9):2513-2529

We present the results of a feasibility study of an earthquake early warning system (EEWS) for the Campania region (southern Italy) using schools as specific targets. The study considered the seismogenic zones as sources of potential earthquakes for the area, the Italian accelerometric network as the recording network for seismic event occurrence, and the performances of the software platform PRESTo ^Plus for data analysis and processing. We analyze the distribution of lead-times for all possible threatening seismic sources for each municipality in the region under study by extracting the lead-time value corresponding to the 5th, 10th and 25th percentiles of the distributions. We discuss the results for the 5th percentile in order to analyze the worst-case scenario: in the case of a single site, the lead-time is expected to be larger than this value in the 95 % of the cases. Since the population distribution in Campania is uneven and most of the people live nearby the coast, whilst the most destructive earthquakes occur along the Apennine chain, we can conclude that an efficient EEWS can allow most of the schools in the area to undertake some mitigating actions. The testing of the EEWS was carried out in the high school ITIS ‘E. Majorana’, located at Somma Vesuviana, about 80 km from the seismogenic Irpinia region. For this purpose, the Sentinel, an actuator made up of low-cost hardware (i.e., Arduino^®), was developed in close cooperation with students and teachers of the school to receive alert messages from the PRESTo ^Plus platform and warn the school users in case of a seismic event. The EEWS and the Sentinel were successfully tested during some blind drills performed during normal school activities.  相似文献   

Seismic performance of non-structural components and contents in buildings: an overview of NZ research     

Rajesh P. Dhakal  Atefeh Pourali  Ali Sahin Tasligedik  Trevor Yeow  Andrew Baird  Gregory MacRae  Stefano Pampanin  Alessandro Palermo 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2016,15(1):1-17

This paper summarizes the research on non-structural elements and building contents being conducted at University of Canterbury in New Zealand. Since the 2010-2011 series of Canterbury earthquakes, in which damage to non-structural components and contents contributed heavily to downtime and overall financial loss, attention to seismic performance and design of non-structural components and contents in buildings has increased exponentially in NZ. This has resulted in an increased allocation of resources to research leading to development of more resilient non-structural systems in buildings that would incur substantially less damage and cause little downtime during earthquakes. In the last few years, NZ researchers have made important developments in understanding and improving the seismic performance of secondary building elements such as partitions, facades, ceilings and contents.  相似文献   

The distal segment of Etna’s 2001 basaltic lava flow     

Massimiliano Favalli  Andrew J. L. Harris  Alessandro Fornaciai  Maria Teresa Pareschi  Francesco Mazzarini 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2010,72(1):119-127

Etna’s 2001 basaltic lava flow provided a good example of the distal flow segment between the flow front and stable channel, across which the flow evolves from channel-contained to dispersed. This zone was mapped with meter precision using LIDAR data collected during 2004 and 2005. These data, supported by field mapping, show that the flow front comprised eight lobes each 10 to 20 m high. The flow front appears to have advanced not as a single unit, but as a series of lobes moving forward one lobe at a time. Primary lobes were centered on the channel axis and marginal lobes were off-axis. The lobes advanced as breakouts of low-yield-strength lava from the flow core of the stalled flow front. Marginal lobes were abandoned and contributed to marginal levees flanking the transitional channel. For Etna’s 2001 flow, the transitional channel is 140 m wide, 700 m long and fed a 240-m-long zone of dispersed flow; the change from stable to transitional channel occurred at a major reduction in slope. Above this, the stable channel is 5.2 km long, 55 to 105 m wide and bounded by 15- to 25-m-high levees, and the stable channel is located over a previous channel. In a final stage of activity, lava ponding at the break-in-slope that marks the terminus of the stable channel put pressure on the eastern levee, causing it to fail. Liberated lava then fed a final break-out to the east. Similar flow front-features occur at other volcanoes, indicating that similar processes are characteristic of dispersed flow zones.  相似文献   

Detecting short-term evolution of Etnean scoria cones: a LIDAR-based approach   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Alessandro Fornaciai  Boris Behncke  Massimiliano Favalli  Marco Neri  Simone Tarquini  Enzo Boschi 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2010,72(10):1209-1222

The 2001 and 2002–2003 flank eruptions on Mount Etna (Italy) were characterized by intense explosive activity which led to the formation of two large monogenetic scoria cones (one from each eruption) on the upper southern flank of the volcano. Continuous monitoring of Etna, especially during flank eruptions, has provided detailed information on the growth of these cones. They differ in genesis, shape, and size. A set of high resolution (1 m) digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data collected during four different surveys (2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007) has been used to map morphology and to extract the morphometric parameters of the scoria cones. By comparing LIDAR-derived DEMs with a pre-eruption (1998) 10 m DEM, the volume of the two scoria cones was calculated for the first time. Comparison of the LIDAR-derived DEMs revealed in unprecedented detail morphological changes during scoria cone degradation. In particular, the morphologically more exposed and structurally weaker 2002–2003 cone was eroded rapidly during the first few years after its emplacement mainly due to gravitational instability of slopes and wind erosion.  相似文献   

Thermal expansion-contraction and slope instability of a fumarole field inferred from geodetic measurements at Vulcano     

Alessandro Bonaccorso  Alessandro Bonforte  Salvatore Gambino 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2010,72(7):791-801

Between 1987 and 1993, fumarole temperatures at the Fossa crater of Vulcano (Italy) were characterized by the highest values since the 1920’s, increasing from about 300°C in 1987 to 690°C in May 1993, before decreasing to 400°C by 1996–1997. During 1990, Vulcano’s Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) network was expanded to provide more detailed coverage of the northern sector of the Fossa crater and, in particular, to monitor the movement of the northern flank the Fossa cone. Measurements, carried out between 1990 and 1994, showed shortening by about 6 to 7 cm along baselines measured to a small section of the northern rim. Over the following four years these baselines showed a slow extension by about 3 cm, to gradually recover part of the previous deformation. We believe that the shortening and lengthening of the EDM baselines was respectively due to the increasing and decreasing temperature of the rock body lying close to the deforming area. This caused thermal expansion, followed by contraction. The positive movement of the rim was not completely matched by a negative recovery, suggesting that a non-recoverable sliding movement was also responsible for some of the shortening of the baselines. We verified our hypothesis by calculating the expected dilatation of a rock body, as a function of the volume of rock heated and its thermal expansion coefficient, and compared the expected deformation to that observed. The geodetic investigation showed that the unstable portion affects a small length of the rim (about 100 m long) and involves a volume of about 0.8 × 10⁶ m³. However, this zone lies directly above a particularly unstable portion of the flank, as well as the main village and port on the island.  相似文献