The late Quaternary development of three ancient tarns on southwestern Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, Arctic Canada: paleolimnological evidence from diatoms and sediment chemistry     

Alexander P. Wolfe  Joachim W. Härtling 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1996,15(1):1-18

Sediment diatom and chemical analyses of cores from three poorly buffered extra-glacial lakes on the northeastern margin of the Canadian Shield (Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island) record interactions between aquatic and terrestrial spheres that were influenced by late Quaternary climatic conditions. Although differences exist between each of the lakes, notably with regards to the intensity of pre-Holocene catchment erosion and the timing of the onset of organic sedimentation, an underlying pattern of lake ontogeny, common to all three lakes, is identified. Although intensified watershed erosion characterized the Late Wisconsinan and Neoglacial cold periods, the lakes nonetheless remained viable ecosystems at these times. Sudden catchment stabilization during the late-glacial to earliest Holocene is associated with incipient organic sedimentation. Lake-water pH increased at this time, likely in response both longer base cation residence times as lake flushing rates decreased, and enhanced alkalinity production from sediment biogeochemical reactions. Subsequently, as the catchments remained stable during the productive early Holocene (c.9–7 ka BP), then gradually received a renewed increase of minerogenic sedimentation, the breakdown of sources of lake alkalinity resulted in natural acidification. Burial of cation-rich mineral sediments and the loss of permanent sedimentary sinks for the products of microbial reduction likely impeded within-lake alkalinity production, and catchment-derived base cations appeared ineffective in curtailing pH declines. The general nature of the Holocene development of these lakes is similar to that observed elsewhere on crystalline terrains, following deglaciation. Our data therefore suggest that catchment glaciation is not a necessary precursor for models of lake development characterized by initial base cation enrichment and subsequent gradual acidification.  相似文献   

On the causes of landslides: Human activities,perception, and natural processes   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

David Alexander 《Environmental Geology》1992,20(3):165-179

Conceptual equations are presented for the net benefits, total risk, and total vulnerability associated with hazard zone occupation. It is shown that, as they are polycausal phenomena, landslides require a more sophisticated approach to this form of analysis than that employed for most other forms of hazard.Three examples of landsliding are examined. At Cuyocuyo, in the Peruvian Cordillera Oriental, slope instability is virtually inevitable, but human intervention may be disturbing some very fragile natural equilibria. At Calciano, in southern Italy, deforestation has resulted in a mudflow disaster, although man-made factors are not the only causes at work. Finally, in the Valle dell'Orco (also in southern Italy) demographic and agrarian change have aided the partial metamorphosis of the catchment into a large-scale mudflow complex (although the longer-term causes are natural, tectonic ones). These examples illustrate parts of the continuum that extends from dominant natural to dominant anthropogenic causes.Human intervention has played a key role in stimulating the natural antecedents of landslides occurring in the study areas. It is concluded that risk perception has not been wide enough to promote adequate risk mitigation, in part because of a failure properly to conceive of landslides as polycausal phenomena, in which man-made causes effectively cannot—and should not—be separated from natural ones.  相似文献   

The role of choke points in the ocean context     

Lewis M. Alexander 《GeoJournal》1992,26(4):503-509

Choke points are narrow international waterways where three characteristics are present. The waterway should be narrow and capable of being closed off to both commercial and military snipping. There should be no readily available maritime route to utilize in the event of closure. Finally, the choke point should be of considerable significance to at least several States. This article identifies seven “primary” choke points which seem to satisfy these criteria. These are Gibraltar, Bab el Mandeb, Hormuz, the Danish and Turkish Straits, and the Suez and Panama Canals. It also identifies eleven “secondary” choke points, where at least one of the reouired characteristics is missing. The eleven include Dover, Bering and Magellan Straits, as well as Malacca-Singapore and a number of others in the Western Pacific. Turning to a consideration of the status of choke points in a Post-Cold War era, the article notes four basic assumptions: (1) the intense military rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union will be reduced in coming years; (2) for many countries marine-related environmental concerns may be increasing considerably; (3) as the Cold War recedes, regional contests and confrontations will grow more intense; and (4) the overall densities of water-borne traffic will undergo change as the relative economic growth of regional centers changes. The article then considers the potential impact of these trends on the future role of choke points.  相似文献   

Zur Frage der Geschwindigkeit des Deckenschubes     

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Alexander Tollmann 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1972,61(3):965-974

Zusammenfassung In den folgenden Ausführungen werden Daten über die Geschwindigkeit der Bewegung von Schubdecken in der Hauptbewegungsphase geliefert. Die hierfür verwendeten Beispiele stammen aus den Ostalpen und Westkarpaten. Eine sichere Geschwindigkeits-Bestimmung ist derzeit noch nicht durchführbar. Es können aber Minimalbewegungswerte von etwa 1,5 mm/Jahr errechnet werden. Die reale Transportgeschwindigkeit könnte auch wesentlich höher liegen, vielleicht bei 10–20 mm/Jahr.

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This paper presents facts pertaining to the velocity of the overthrust of nappes during a tectonical phase by means of examples from the Eastern Alps and the Western Carpathians. An exact determination of this velocity is still not possible. One can calculate minimum values of near 1,5 mm/year. The real velocity of the overthrusts of nappes might be much higher, perhaps 10–20 mm/year.

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Résumé L'article expose des données sur la vitesse des mouvements des nappes de charriage pendant la phase principale de transport. Les exemples présentés proviennent des Alpes orientales et des Carpathes occidentales. Il n'est pas possible jusqu'à présent de faire une détermination plus exacte de cette vitesse. Mais on peut calculer un minimum de transport d'environ 1,5 mm/an. La vitesse réelle des mouvements de translation pourrait même être nettement plus élevée, et atteindre peut-être 10–20 mm/ an.

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. . . 1,5 /. , 10–20 /.

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Results of deep seismic soundings along international profile VII in Czechoslovakia and poland     

Břetislav Beránek  Milica Mayerová  Milada Zounková  Alexander Guterch  Rufin Materzok  Jan Pajchel  Reviewer J. Vaněk 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1973,17(3):205-217

Summary The paper deals with the results of DSS measurements along international profile VII, carried out by Czechoslovak and Polish geophysicists in 1970 – 71. The profile situation is shown in Fig. 1. By 1971 part of the profile in the region of the Bohemian Massif between points 1 and 3 and in Poland between points 5 and 7 had been surveyed (Fig. 2). The seismograms were used to construct the travel-time curves of the fundamental types of waves P^K, P^M, P_n (Fig. 4). The mean velocities were computed from the travel-time curves of the reflected waves (P^M and P^K) and the refracted waves (P_g). Isolines of the mean velocities could be constructed for the region of the Bohemian Massif (Fig. 6). The velocity data found were used for the depth interpretation of the travel-time curves of the principal types of waves and to construct a seismic section (Fig. 8). In the region of the Pre-Sudeten block the thickness of the crust was found to be 34–37 km, and in the Sudeten it increased to 40 km. Towards the south the thickness of the crust gradually reduces to 30 km in the system of the Luice faults. In the Bohemian Cretaceous the thickness of the crust is about 30 km. Further to the south, in the region of the Moldanubicum, the thickness of the Earth's crust increases rapidly, and at the southern border of the Central Bohemian pluton it reaches values of about 42 km.  相似文献   

Constructing the Coronal Magnetic Field By Correlating Parameterized Magnetic Field Lines With Observed Coronal Plasma Structures     

Gary  G. Allen  Alexander  David 《Solar physics》1999,186(1-2):123-139

A method is presented for constructing the coronal magnetic field from photospheric magnetograms and observed coronal loops. A set of magnetic field lines generated from magnetogram data is parameterized and then deformed by varying the parameterized values. The coronal flux tubes associated with this field are adjusted until the correlation between the field lines and the observed coronal loops is maximized. A mathematical formulation is described which ensures that (i) the normal component of the photospheric field remains unchanged, (ii) the field is given in the entire corona over an active region, (iii) the field remains divergence-free, and (iv) electric currents are introduced into the field. It is demonstrated that a parameterization of a potential field, comprising a radial stretching of the field, can provide a match for a simple bipolar active region, AR 7999, which crossed the central meridian on 1996 November 26. The result is a non-force-free magnetic field with the Lorentz force being of the order of 10^–5.5 g cm s^–2 resulting from an electric current density of 0.079 A m^–2. Calculations show that the plasma beta becomes larger than unity at a relatively low height of 0.25 r supporting the non-force-free conclusion. The presence of such strong non-radial currents requires large transverse pressure gradients to maintain a magnetostatic atmosphere, required by the relatively persistent nature of the coronal structures observed in AR 7999. This scheme is an important tool in generating a magnetic field solution consistent with the coronal flux tube observations and the observed photospheric magnetic field.  相似文献   

A potentiometric study of Eu complexation with acetate ligand from 25 to 170°C at P_sat     

Alexander V Zotov  Boris R Tagirov  Igor I Diakonov  K.Vala Ragnarsdottir 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2002,66(20):3599-3613

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NOAA AR 8210: EVOLUTION AND FLARES FROM MULTIBAND DIAGNOSTICS     

Warmuth  Alexander  Hanslmeier  Arnold  Messerotti  Mauro  Cacciani  Alessandro  Moretti  Pier Francesco  Otruba  Wolfgang 《Solar physics》2000,194(1):103-120

NOAA 8210 has been a region showing a remarkable level of activity well before solar maximum. Dominated by a large, rapidly rotating spot, it produced several intense flares during its disk passage at the end of April–beginning of May 1998. We examine the development of AR 8210 in H and white light (WL) and study the evolution of its complex magnetic topology. While the other principal flares are briefly reviewed, the great X1.1/3B flare of 2 May, which was observed at Kanzelhöhe Solar Observatory during a SOHO/UVCS ground support campaign, is studied in detail. This event has been documented in full-disk H and Na-D intensitygrams, Dopplergrams, and magnetograms, with a time cadence of one minute each. The flare was associated with a CME and produced significant geomagnetic effects. Furthermore, we point out the perspectives for our planned Flare Monitoring and Alerting System, since the two new instruments (Magneto-Optical Filter and Digital H camera), which made their first operational run with the campaign, are crucial components for this program.  相似文献   

Structure of a Large low-Latitude Coronal Hole     

Bromage  B.J.J.  Alexander  D.  Breen  A.  Clegg  J.R.  Del Zanna  G.  DeForest  C.  Dobrzycka  D.  Gopalswamy  N.  Thompson  B.  Browning  P.K. 《Solar physics》2000,193(1-2):181-193

Coronal holes on the Sun are the source of high-speed solar wind streams that produce magnetic disturbances at the Earth. A series of multi-wavelength, multi-instrument observations obtained during the 1996 Whole Sun Month campaign examined a large coronal hole in greater detail than ever before. It appeared on the Sun in August, and extended from the north pole to a large active region in the southern hemisphere. Its physical and magnetic structure and subsequent evolution are described.  相似文献   

青藏高原东缘活动构造   总被引：74，自引：0，他引：74  

周荣军  李勇  Michael A.Ellis  何玉林  王凤林  黎小刚 《矿物岩石》2006,26(2):40-51

青藏高原东缘由岷山断块和龙门山构造带构成。以活动构造地貌学为主线,在解析该地区主干断裂晚第四纪以来活动的地质地貌表现的基础上,对一批断裂运动学和史前强震活动的定量数据进行分析研究,结果表明:在岷山断块中,虎牙断裂的平均左旋滑动速率为1.4 mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.3 mm/a。岷江断裂的平均垂直滑动速率介于0.37 mm/a~0.53 mm/a之间,左旋位错量与垂直位错量大致相当;在龙门山构造带中,茂汶-汶川断裂、北川-映秀断裂和彭县-灌县断裂的平均垂直滑动速率均在1 mm/a左右,且几条主干断裂的右旋位错量与垂直位错量相当。结合震源机制解结果和GPS测量资料,建立晚新生代以来青藏高原东缘向南东方向逸出的构造变形模式。  相似文献