Modeling defects and plasticity in MgSiO3 post-perovskite: Part 2—screw and edge [100] dislocations     

Alexandra M. Goryaeva  Philippe Carrez  Patrick Cordier 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2015,42(10):793-803

  相似文献   

Fluvial transport of suspended sediment and organic carbon during flood events in a large agricultural catchment in southwest France     

Chantha Oeurng  Sabine Sauvage  Alexandra Coynel  Eric Maneux  Henri Etcheber  José‐Miguel Sánchez‐Pérez 《水文研究》2011,25(15):2365-2378

Water draining from a large agricultural catchment of 1 110 km² in southwest France was sampled over an 18‐month period to determine the temporal variability in suspended sediment (SS) and dissolved (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) transport during flood events, with quantification of fluxes and controlling factors, and to analyze the relationships between discharge and SS, DOC and POC. A total of 15 flood events were analyzed, providing extensive data on SS, POC and DOC during floods. There was high variability in SS, POC and DOC transport during different seasonal floods, with SS varying by event from 513 to 41 750 t; POC from 12 to 748 t and DOC from 9 to 218 t. Overall, 76 and 62% of total fluxes of POC and DOC occurred within 22% of the study period. POC and DOC export from the Save catchment amounted to 3090 t and 1240 t, equivalent to 1·8 t km^?2 y^?1 and 0·7 t km^?2 y^?1, respectively. Statistical analyses showed that total precipitation, flood discharge and total water yield were the major factors controlling SS, POC and DOC transport from the catchment. The relationships between SS, POC and DOC and discharge over temporal flood events resulted in different hysteresis patterns, which were used to deduce dissolved and particulate origins. In both clockwise and anticlockwise hysteresis, POC mainly followed the same patterns as discharge and SS. The DOC‐discharge relationship was mainly characterized by alternating clockwise and anticlockwise hysteresis due to dilution effects of water originating from different sources in the whole catchment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Revisiting the Gow Lake impact structure,Saskatchewan, Canada     

Gordon R. Osinski  Adam B. Coulter  Roberta L. Flemming  Alexandra Ozaruk  Annemarie E. Pickersgill  Alaura C. Singleton 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2023,58(6):775-788

The ~5 km diameter Gow Lake impact structure formed in the Canadian Shield of northern Saskatchewan approximately 197 Myr ago. This structure has not been studied in detail since its discovery during a regional gravity survey in the early 1970s. We report here on field observations from a 2011 expedition that, when combined with subsequent laboratory studies, have revealed a wealth of new information about this poorly studied Canadian impact structure. Initially considered to be a prototypical central peak (i.e., a complex) impact structure, our observations demonstrate that Gow Lake is actually a transitional impact structure, making it one of only two identified on Earth. Despite its age, a well-preserved sequence of crater-fill impactites is preserved on Calder Island in the middle of Gow Lake. From the base upward, this stratigraphy is parautochthonous target rock, lithic impact breccia, clast-rich impact melt rock, red clast-poor impact melt rock, and green clast-poor impact melt rocks. Discontinuous lenses of impact melt-bearing breccia also occur near the top of the red impact melt rocks and in the uppermost green impact melt rocks. The vitric particles in these breccias display irregular and contorted outlines. This, together with their setting within crater-fill melt rocks, is indicative of an origin as flows within the transient cavity and not an airborne mode of origin. Following impact, a hydrothermal system was initiated, which resulted in alteration of the crater-fill impactites. Major alteration phases are nontronite clay, K-feldspar, and quartz.  相似文献   

Effects of climate change and urban development on the distribution and conservation of vegetation in a Mediterranean type ecosystem     

Bray J. Beltrán  Janet Franklin  Alexandra D. Syphard  Helen M. Regan  Lorraine E. Flint  Alan L. Flint 《International journal of geographical information science》2014,28(8):1561-1589

Climate and land-use changes are projected to threaten biodiversity over this century. However, few studies have considered the spatial and temporal overlap of these threats to evaluate how ongoing land-use change could affect species ranges projected to shift outside conservation areas. We evaluated climate change and urban development effects on vegetation distribution in the Southwest ecoregion, California Floristic Province, USA. We also evaluated how well a conservation network protects suitable habitat for rare plant species under these change projections and identified primary sources of uncertainty. We used consensus-based maps from three species distribution models (SDMs) to project current and future suitable habitat for 19 species representing different functional types (defined by fire-response – obligate seeders, resprouting shrubs – and life forms – herbs, subshrubs), and range sizes (large/common, small/rare). We used one spatially explicit urban growth projection; two climate models, emission scenarios, and probability thresholds applied to SDMs; and high-resolution (90 m) environmental data. We projected that suitable habitat could disappear for 4 species and decrease for 15 by 2080. Averaged centroids of suitable habitat (all species) were projected to shift tens (up to hundreds) of kilometers. Herbs showed a small-projected response to climate change, while obligate seeders could suffer the greatest losses. Several rare species could lose suitable habitat inside conservation areas while increasing area outside. We concluded that (i) climate change is more important than urban development for vegetation habitat loss in this ecoregion through 2080 due to diminishing amounts of undeveloped private land in this region; (ii) the existing conservation plan, while extensive, may be inadequate to protect plant diversity under projected patterns of climate change and urban development, (iii) regional assessments of the dynamics of the drivers of biodiversity change based on high-resolution environmental data and consensus predictive mapping, such as this study, are necessary to identify the species expected to be the most vulnerable and to meaningfully inform regional-scale conservation.  相似文献   

Regime shifts in the marine environment: the scientific basis and political context   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kraberg AC  Wasmund N  Vanaverbeke J  Schiedek D  Wiltshire KH  Mieszkowska N 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(1):7-20

Regime shifts in the marine environment have recently received much attention. To date, however, few large-scale meta-analyses have been carried out due to insufficient data coverage and integration between sustained observational datasets because of diverse methodologies used in data collection, recording and archival. Here we review the available data on regime shifts globally, followed by a review of current and planned policies with relevance to regime shifts.We then focus on the North and Baltic Seas, providing examples of existing efforts for data integration in the MarBEF Network of Excellence. Existing gaps in data coverage are identified, and the added value from meta-analyses of multiple datasets demonstrated using examples from the MarBEF integrated data project LargeNet. We discuss whether these efforts are addressing current policy needs and close with recommendations for future integrated data networks to increase our ability to understand, identify and predict recent and future regime shifts.  相似文献   

Nitrogen functionality in “oil window” rank range vitrinite rich coals and chars     

Bruno Valentim  Alexandra GuedesDulce Boavida 《Organic Geochemistry》2011,42(5):502-509

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to characterize organic nitrogen species in coals and chars. The coals comprise a set of vitrinite-rich samples from the Penn State Coal Bank set, ranging from vitrinite reflectance (R_r) 0.42-1.60%. Chars were obtained after coal pyrolysis under an inert atmosphere at 800 °C and fast heating rate. In the coals, pyrrolic nitrogen was the predominant form, steadily decreasing with coal rank, while pyridinic and quaternary nitrogen showed pronounced variation with rank. In contrast to the coals, the chars show much less pyrrolic and pyridinic nitrogen, and more quaternary nitrogen. The chars were also characterized by having oxidized nitrogen and nitro sub-peaks, which were not observed for the coals. Apparently the occurrence of these forms is related to the decrease in the pyridinic nitrogen.  相似文献   

Environmental controls on stable isotope precipitation values over Mali and Niger,West Africa   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Alexandra Lutz  James M. Thomas  Anna Panorska 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,62(8):1749-1759

This study evaluated the effects of the environmental factors precipitation amount (P), temperature (T), and vapor pressure (V _p) on the stable isotope composition (δ) of precipitation and the excess-deuterium (d) parameter in Mali and Niger, West Africa. At both locations, δ values were greatly affected by seasonal climatic conditions and a statistically significant negative correlation was observed between δ and P. In Mali, a statistically significant negative correlation was also observed between δ and V _p. There was no statistically significant correlation between δ and T. Mean-weighting of δ values may be masking both dry-season and individual storm event precipitation phenomena, which are otherwise observed in arithmetically averaged δ values. Mean monthly d values for peak monsoonal months indicate that precipitation is first-fraction, gaining little recycled water on its journey inland from the Atlantic Ocean near the equator. Agreement between rainy-season precipitation and groundwater δ values, specifically peak monsoonal months, indicates that groundwater is being recharged by infiltration of current monsoonal rains and is not paleo-groundwater recharged under past climatic conditions. Similarity between rainy-season precipitation and groundwater d values provide another indication that monsoonal precipitation under current climatic conditions is the source of groundwater recharge. The knowledge that groundwater is recently recharged monsoonal rains, rather than paleo-groundwater, is important for evaluating groundwater sustainability and the effects that climate change will have on water resources. Understanding and predicting changes in precipitation amounts and intensities, which ultimately affect timing and amount of groundwater recharge, is critical for water resource management.  相似文献   

A model for inferring dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in lakewater from visible-near-infrared spectroscopy (VNIRS) measures in lake sediment     

Alexandra Rouillard  Peter Rosén  Marianne S. V. Douglas  Reinhard Pienitz  John P. Smol 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2011,46(2):187-202

We developed an inference model to infer dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in lakewater from lake sediments using visible-near-infrared spectroscopy (VNIRS). The inference model used surface sediment samples collected from 160 Arctic Canada lakes, covering broad latitudinal (60–83°N), longitudinal (71–138°W) and environmental gradients, with a DOC range of 0.6–39.6 mg L⁻¹. The model was applied to Holocene lake sediment cores from Sweden and Canada and our inferences are compared to results from previous multiproxy paleolimnological investigations at these two sites. The inferred Swedish and Canadian DOC profiles are compared, respectively, to inferences from a Swedish-based VNIRS-total organic carbon (TOC) model and a Canadian-based diatom-inferred (Di-DOC) model from the same sediment records. The 5-component Partial Least Squares (PLS) model yields a cross-validated (CV) R_CV² R_{CV}^{2}  = 0.61 and a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP _CV ) = 4.4 mg L⁻¹ (11% of DOC gradient). The trends inferred for the two lakes were remarkably similar to the VNIRS-TOC and the Di-DOC inferred profiles and consistent with the other paleolimnological proxies, although absolute values differed. Differences in the calibration set gradients and lack of analogous VNIRS signatures in the modern datasets may explain this discrepancy. Our results corroborate previous geographically independent studies on the potential of using VNIRS to reconstruct past trends in lakewater DOC concentrations rapidly.  相似文献   

The Size and Shape of the Oblong Dwarf Planet Haumea     

Alexandra C. Lockwood  Michael E. Brown  John Stansberry 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2014,111(3-4):127-137

We use thermal radiometry and visible photometry to constrain the size, shape, and albedo of the large Kuiper belt object Haumea. The correlation between the visible and thermal photometry demonstrates that Haumea’s high amplitude and quickly varying optical light curve is indeed due to Haumea’s extreme shape, rather than large scale albedo variations. However, the well-sampled high precision visible data we present does require longitudinal surface heterogeneity to account for the shape of lightcurve. The thermal emission from Haumea is consistent with the expected Jacobi ellipsoid shape of a rapidly rotating body in hydrostatic equilibrium. The best Jacobi ellipsoid fit to the visible photometry implies a triaxial ellipsoid with axes of length 1,920 × 1,540 × 990 km and density $2.6$  g cm $^{-3}$ , as found by Lellouch et al. (A&A, 518:L147, 2010. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014648). While the thermal and visible data cannot uniquely constrain the full non-spherical shape of Haumea, the match between the predicted and measured thermal flux for a dense Jacobi ellipsoid suggests that Haumea is indeed one of the densest objects in the Kuiper belt.  相似文献   

Paleomagnetic constraints on the paleogeography and oroclinal bending of the Devonian volcanic arc in Kazakhstan   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Alexandra Abrajevitch  Rob Van der Voo  Natalia M. Levashova  Mikhail L. Bazhenov   《Tectonophysics》2007,441(1-4):67-84

Numerical modelling, incorporating coupling between surface processes and induced flow in the lower continental crust, is used to address the Quaternary evolution of the Gulf of Corinth region in central Greece. The post-Early Pleistocene marine depocentre beneath this Gulf overlies the northern margin of an older (Early Pleistocene and earlier) lacustrine basin, the Proto Gulf of Corinth Basin or PGCB. In the late Early Pleistocene, relief in this region was minimal but, subsequently, dramatic relief has developed, involving the creation of  900 m of bathymetry within the Gulf and the uplift by many hundreds of metres of the part of the PGCB, south of the modern Gulf, which forms the Gulf's main sediment supply. It is assumed that, as a result of climate change around 0.9 Ma, erosion of this sediment source region and re-deposition of this material within the Gulf began, both processes occurring at spatial average rates of  0.2 mm a^− 1. Modelling of the resulting isostatic response indicates that the local effective viscosity of the lower crust is  4 × 10¹⁹ Pa s, indicating a Moho temperature of  560 °C. It predicts that the  10 mm a^− 1 of extension across this  70 km wide model region, at an extensional strain rate of  0.15 Ma^− 1, is partitioned with  3 mm a^− 1 across the sediment source,  2 mm a^− 1 across the depocentre, and  5 mm a^− 1 across the ‘hinge zone’ in between, the latter value being an estimate of the extension rate on normal faults forming the major topographic escarpment at the southern margin of the Gulf. This modelling confirms the view, suggested previously, that coupling between this depocentre and sediment source by lower-crustal flow can explain the dramatic development in local relief since the late Early Pleistocene. The effective viscosity of the lower crust in this region is not particularly low; the strong coupling interpreted between the sediment source and depocentre results instead from their close proximity. In detail, the effective viscosity of the lower crust is expected to decrease northward across this model region, due to the northward increase in exposure of the base of the continental lithosphere to the asthenosphere; in the south the two are separated by the subducting Hellenic slab. The isostatic consequences of such a lateral variation in viscosity provide a natural explanation for why, since  0.9 Ma, the modern Gulf has developed asymmetrically over the northern part of the PGCB, leaving the rest of the PGCB to act as its sediment source.  相似文献