Die wachsende Bedeutung der Ingenieurgeologie im Zeitalter der Umweltzerstörung     

Professor Baurat h. c. Dr.-Ing. Dr. mont. h. c. Leopold Müller-Salzburg  Dr.-Ing. Hans -Joachim Schneider 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1977,66(1):723-739

Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung der Technik führt zu immer größeren Bauprojekten im Bereich des Talsperrenbaus, Verkehrswegebaus, Untertagebaus, Bergbaus und Grundbaus. Diese großen Bauprojekte stellen in vielfacher Hinsicht eine erhebliche Belastung der Natur sowie eine Beeinträchtigung ihres Gleichgewichts dar und rufen teilweise unvorhergesehene Wechselwirkungen von Bauwerk und Baugrund hervor. Die technische Entwicklung überrollte die Natur so stürmisch, daß ihre ökologischen Folgen weder von den Wissenschaftlern noch von den Praktikern erkannt und bedacht wurden. Die Aufgaben, die sich in diesem Rahmen dem Ingenieurgeologen stellen, bestehen nicht nur in der möglichst genauen Erfassung der geologischen Parameter zur Gewährleistung der Sicherheit des Bauwerks, wirtschaftlich vertretbarer Baukosten unter optimaler Berücksichtigung geologischer Gegebenheiten, sondern sie haben auch die Vorhersage der Wechselwirkungen von Bauwerk und Baugrund sowie von Störungen des oft erstaunlich labilen Gleichgewichts von Geo-, Bio- und Atmosphäre einzubeziehen. Dabei spielen oft rezente geologische Vorgänge eine bisher in der Ingenieurgeologie viel zu wenig gewürdigte Rolle. Die Notwendigkeit, die Ingenieurgeologie schon bei der allerersten Planung, beim Entwurf und der Bauwerksüberwachung mitbestimmen zu lassen, wird an einzelnen Projekten erläutert.

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Summary Technical development leads to dams, roads, tunnels, mines and foundations of always larger dimensions. Various aspects of these projects represent a serious encumbrance of nature and an impairment of her equilibrium and can cause unforeseen interactions between structure and the earth. Development has taken place so quickly, that the ecological consequences have not been recognised or considered in many cases — neither by the scientists nor by the practitioners. The tasks, confronting the engineering geologists in this regard, consist not only in an exact investigation of the geological parameters to guarantee the safety of the construction project and to achieve project costs by taking into consideration the geological conditions, but must encompass the recognition of the interactions of construction and the earth as well as the disturbance of the often astonishingly fragile equilibrium of the geo-, bio- and atmosphere. Specifically recent geological processes are often not accounted for, despite their possibly disadvantageous effects. The necessity, that the engineering geologist contributes in all project stages from the first planning, to the design upto the surveillance of the construction, is stressed by giving examples.

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Résumé Le développement technique a conduit à des projets de construction toujour plus grands dans le domain des barrages, des routes, des tunnels, des mines et des fondations. Ces grands projets représentent sous beaucoup d'aspects une immense contreinte pour l'environnement naturel, un préjudice pour son équilibre et conduisent parfois à une interaction imprévue entre la construction et le sol. Le développement fut si rapide que les conséquences écologiques ne furent pas reconnues et prises en compte, ni par la science ni par la pratique. Les taches, qui se présentent au géologue ingénieur sur le terrain, comprennent non seulement l'investigation exacte des paramètres géologiques dans le but d'assurer la securité de la construction pour des frais raisonnables tout en prenant en compte d'une façon optimale les conditions géologiques, mais aussi la prévision de ces interactions entre l'ouvrage et le sol, ainsi que les perturbations de l'équilibre de l'environnement géologique, biologique et atmosphérique, équilibre qui est souvent éxtrêmement fragile.Les phénomènes géologiques récents ne sont que très peu considérés dans ces études. La necessité de la participation du géologue ingénieur dès le début des études pendant la conception et la surveillance de l'ouvrage est illustrée à l'aide de projets particuliers.

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Shock-induced thermal transformations of ries-biotites     

Hartmut Schneider 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1974,43(3):233-243

Thermal transformations in biotites depending on increasing postshock temperatures were studied.A decrease of the unit cell volume, caused by oxidation of octahedral Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ at temperature rangings of about 400–500° C was observed.In the same temperature range (500° C) the biotite lattice becomes thermodynamically unstable. Intersheet and octahedral layers are decomposed, whereas individual SiO₄-tetrahedra are more resistant to thermal vibrations. The decomposition of the biotite leads to the formation of new minerals and amorphous phases. By X-ray analysesmagnetite, hercynite, pyroxene, feldspar, and quartz were identified.Thermal transformations of biotite induced by shock waves are characterized by states of distinct disequilibrium.  相似文献   

Erratum to “Quantification of seep-related methane gas emissions at Tommeliten, North Sea” [Cont. Shelf Res. 31 (7-8) (2011) 867-878]     

J. Schneider von Deimling  G. RehderJ. Greinert  D.F. McGinnisA. Boetius  P. Linke 《Continental Shelf Research》2011,31(18):1943

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Footwall mineralization during Late Miocene extension along the West Cycladic Detachment System,Lavrion, Greece     

Alexandra Berger  David A. Schneider  Bernhard Grasemann  Daniel Stockli 《地学学报》2013,25(3):181-191

The West Cycladic Detachment System (WCDS) has been mapped from the western Cycladic islands to Lavrion (mainland Greece), where several top‐to‐SSW low‐angle normal faults at different structural levels are observed. Near the detachment horizon, hydrothermal fluid flow originating from Miocene intrusions lead to high‐temperature carbonate strata‐bound Pb–Ag–Zn ore deposits. Zircon (U–Th)/He cooling ages from the mineralized footwall are 7.1 ± 0.6 to 7.9 ± 0.6 Ma. Carbon‐ and O‐isotope analyses of the carbonate host indicate high water‐to‐rock ratios during brittle deformation‐induced metasomatism, and that this interaction, unrelated to proximity of the intrusions, plays the dominant role in the mineralization. The Late Miocene geology of Lavrion is strikingly similar to Serifos island on the SE termination of the WCDS, both characterized by strong localization of detachment faulting and the interaction of brittle deformation with the injection of fluids related to granitoid intrusions.  相似文献   

Glacier inventory of the Gran Campo Nevado Ice Cap in the Southern Andes and glacier changes observed during recent decades   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Christoph Schneider  Michael Schnirch  Csar Acua  Gino Casassa  Rolf Kilian 《Global and Planetary Change》2007,59(1-4):87

The Gran Campo Nevado (GCN) forms an isolated ice cap on the Península Muñoz Gamero (PMG) located 200 km to the south of the Southern Patagonia Icefield (SPI). We present a glacier inventory of the GCN made up by 27 drainage basins (in total 199.5 km²) and other small cirque and valley glaciers of the southern part of PMG (in total 53 km²). The glacier inventory is based on a digital elevation model (DEM) and ortho-photos. Contour lines from maps, relief information derived from Landsat TM satellite imagery from 1986 and 2002 and stereoscopic data from aerial photos were combined in a knowledge-based scheme to obtain a DEM of the area. A digital ortho-photo map based on aerial photos from 1998 and several ortho-photos based on aerial photos from 1942 and 1984 could be produced from the initial DEM. A geographical information system (GIS) served to outline the extent of the present glaciation. All major glaciers of the GCN show a significant glacier retreat during the last 60 yr. Some of the outlet glaciers lost more than 20% of their total area during this period. Overall glacier retreat amounts to 2.8% of glacier length per decade and the glacier area loss is 2.4% per decade in the period from 1942 to 2002. We hypothesise that GCN glaciers may have reacted faster and more synchronously with the observed warming trend during recent decades when compared with the SPI.  相似文献   

Simulations for multi-object spectrograph planet surveys     

Stephen R. Kane  Donald P. Schneider  Jian Ge 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,377(4):1610-1622

Radial velocity surveys for extrasolar planets generally require substantial amounts of large telescope time in order to monitor a sufficient number of stars. Two of the aspects which can limit such surveys are the single-object capabilities of the spectrograph, and an inefficient observing strategy for a given observing window. In addition, the detection rate of extrasolar planets using the radial velocity method has thus far been relatively linear with time. With the development of various multi-object Doppler survey instruments, there is growing potential to dramatically increase the detection rate using the Doppler method. Several of these instruments have already begun usage in large-scale surveys for extrasolar planets, such as Fibre Large Array Multi Element Spectrograph (FLAMES) on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) and Keck Exoplanet Tracker (ET) on the Sloan 2.5-m wide-field telescope.
In order to plan an effective observing strategy for such a program, one must examine the expected results based on a given observing window and target selection. We present simulations of the expected results from a generic multi-object survey based on calculated noise models and sensitivity for the instrument and the known distribution of exoplanetary system parameters. We have developed code for automatically sifting and fitting the planet candidates produced by the survey to allow for fast follow-up observations to be conducted. The techniques presented here may be applied to a wide range of multi-object planet surveys.  相似文献   

Cosmic stellar relics in the Galactic halo     

Stefania Salvadori  Raffaella Schneider  Andrea Ferrara 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,381(2):647-662

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Radio galaxies in the 2SLAQ Luminous Red Galaxy Survey – I. The evolution of low-power radio galaxies to  z∼ 0.7      

Elaine M. Sadler  Russell D. Cannon  Tom Mauch  Paul J. Hancock  David A. Wake  Nic Ross  Scott M. Croom  Michael J. Drinkwater  Alastair C. Edge  Daniel Eisenstein  rew M. Hopkins  Helen M. Johnston  Robert Nichol  Kevin A. Pimbblet  Roberto De Propris  Isaac G. Roseboom  Donald P. Schneider  Tom Shanks 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,381(1):211-227

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Der Wasserhaushalt des Inlandeises     

Alfred Jentzsch 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1922,12(6-8):309-314

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Les transformations récentes du sommet du volcan actif (Piton de la Fournaise) de l’lle de la Réunion     

Prof. Alfred Lacroix 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1939,5(1):3-17

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