Ocean acidification and photic‐zone anoxia at the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event: Insights from the Adriatic Carbonate Platform     

Nicholas P. Ettinger  Toti E. Larson  Charles Kerans  Alyson M. Thibodeau  Kelly E. Hattori  Sean M. Kacur  Rowan C. Martindale 《Sedimentology》2021,68(1):63-107

Severe global climate change led to the deterioration of environmental conditions in the oceans during the Toarcian Stage of the Jurassic. Carbonate platforms of the Western Tethys Ocean exposed in Alpine Tethyan mountain ranges today offer insight into this period of environmental upheaval. In addition to informing understanding of climate change in deep time, the effect of ancient carbon cycle perturbations on carbonate platforms has important implications for anthropogenic climate change; the patterns of early Toarcian environmental deterioration are similar to those occurring in modern oceans. This study focuses on the record of the early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (ca 183.1 Ma) in outcrops of the north‐west Adriatic Carbonate Platform in Slovenia. Amidst environmental deterioration, the north‐west Adriatic Platform abruptly transitioned from a healthy, shallow‐water environment with diverse metazoan ecosystems to a partially drowned setting with low diversity biota and diminished sedimentation. An organic carbon‐isotope excursion of ?2.2‰ reflects the massive injection of CO₂ into the ocean‐atmosphere system and marks the stratigraphic position of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event. A prominent dissolution horizon and suppressed carbonate deposition on the platform are interpreted to reflect transient shoaling of the carbonate compensation depth to unprecedentedly shallow levels as the dramatic influx of CO₂ overwhelmed the ocean’s buffering capacity, causing ocean acidification. Trace metal geochemistry and palaeoecology highlight water column deoxygenation, including the development of photic‐zone anoxia, preceding and during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event. Ocean acidification and reduced oxygen levels likely had a profoundly negative effect on carbonate‐producing biota and growth of the Adriatic Platform. These effects are consistent with the approximate doubling of the concentration of CO₂ in the ocean‐atmosphere system from pre‐event levels, which has previously been linked to a volcanic triggering mechanism. Mercury enrichments discovered in this study support a temporal and genetic link between volcanism, the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event and the carbonate crisis.  相似文献   

Distinguishing groundwater flow paths in different fractured-rock aquifers using groundwater chemistry: Dandenong Ranges, southeast Australia     

S. O. Tweed  T. R. Weaver  I. Cartwright 《Hydrogeology Journal》2005,13(5-6):771-786

Major ion geochemistry is used to qualitatively interpret groundwater residence times within an aquifer, and the extent of mixing between aquifers with distinctive mineralogy. In conjunction with hydraulic heads and stable isotope geochemistry, flow paths and inter-aquifer exchange are defined in a fractured-rock aquifer system in the Dandenong Ranges, southeast Australia. Stable isotopes indicate modern seasonal recharge throughout the system. At high elevations in the sub-catchment, which includes both marine Silurian-Devonian sedimentary and Tertiary basalt aquifers, Cl is derived primarily from cyclic salts, and differences in mineralogy result in groundwater from the basalt aquifer having higher TDS contents (123–262 mg/L) and (Ca+Mg)/Na ratios (0.9–1.3) than groundwater from the sedimentary aquifer (TDS: 55–79 mg/L; (Ca+Mg)/Na: 0.1–0.2). At low elevations, in areas of local groundwater discharge, the more regional flow system in the Silurian-Devonian sediments contains additional Cl from water–rock interaction and has distinctly higher TDS contents (517–537 mg/L). Differences in groundwater chemistry between the aquifers and between shallower and deeper flow systems highlights areas of inter-aquifer mixing. This is particularly important for aquifer vulnerability where groundwater quality in the deeper aquifer may be impacted by surface activities.

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Resumen Se ha utilizado geoquímica de iones mayores para interpretar cualitativamente los tiempos de residencia del agua subterránea dentro de un acuífero, y el grado de mezcla entre acuíferos con mineralogía característica. De manera conjunta con presiones hidráulicas y geoquímica de isótopos estables, se han definido trayectorias de flujo e intercambio entre acuíferos en un sistema de acuífero de roca fracturada en las Sierras Dandenong, sureste de Australia. Los isótopos estables indican recarga estacional moderada a través del sistema. A elevaciones altas en la sub-cuenca que incluye acuíferos sedimentarios Silúrico-Devónicos y acuíferos basálticos Terciarios, Cl se deriva principalmente de sales cíclicas. Las diferencias en mineralogía resultan en agua subterránea del acuífero basáltico que tiene mayores contenidos TDS (123–262 mg/L) y mayor relación (Ca+Mg)/Na (0.9–1.3) que el agua subterránea de los acuíferos sedimentarios (TDS:55–79 mg/L; (Ca+Mg)/Na: 0.1–0.2). A elevaciones bajas, en áreas de recarga local de agua subterránea, el sistema de flujo más regional en los sedimentos Silúrico-Devónicos contiene Cl adicional que se deriva de la interacción roca-agua y típico contenido TDS más alto (517–537 mg L). Las diferencias en la química del agua subterránea entre los acuíferos y entre los sistemas de flujo más profundo y más somero resalta áreas de mezcla entre acuíferos. Esto es particularmente importante para la vulnerabilidad del acuífero donde la calidad del agua subterránea en el acuífero más profundo puede ser impactada por las actividades superficiales.

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Résumé Les ions majeurs sont utilisés pour interpréter quantitativement les temps de résidence des eaux souterraines dans les aquifères, et létendue des zones de mélange entre les aquifères de différentes minéralogies. En regard de la répartition des charges hydrauliques et des informations données par les isotopes stables, les écoulements et les échanges inter-aquifères sont définis dans un aquifère fracturé dans le Dandenong Ranges, SE de lAustralie. Les isotopes stables indiquent des recharges modernes et saisonnières à travers le système aquifère. A haute altitude dans le sous-bassin versant, qui inclut des sédiments du Siluro-Dévonien et des basaltes du Tertiaire, le chlore est dabord dérivé des sels cycliques, et des différences minéralogiques dans les eaux souterraines sont observées selon laquifère : basalte tertiaire (TDS: 123–262 mg/L; Ca+Mg/Ca: 0.9 à 1.3) et sédiments primaires (TDS: 55–79 mg/L; Ca+Mg/Ca: 0.1–0.2). Aux basses altitudes, dans les zones locales de décharge des eaux souterraines, les écoulements les plus régionaux possèdent des teneurs plus élevées en Chlore en provenance des interactions eau—roche, et des TDS plus élevées (515–537 mg/L). Des différences dans la chimie des eaux souterraines entre les aquifères et entre les systèmes découlement de surface et les écoulements profonds mettent en lumière les zones de mélange inter-aquifère. Ceci est particulièrement important pour la définition de la vulnérabilité où la qualité des eaux souterraines en profondeur peuvent subir les impacts des activités de surface.

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Hydrogeochemistry of the Goulburn Valley region of the Murray Basin, Australia: implications for flow paths and resource vulnerability   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

Ian Cartwright  Tamie R. Weaver 《Hydrogeology Journal》2005,13(5-6):752-770

Groundwater in the Goulburn region of the Murray Basin (Australia) contains solutes derived mainly from evapotranspiration of rainfall-derived marine aerosols, silicate dissolution, and ion exchange. ¹⁴C data indicate that groundwater in the Shepparton Formation recharges vertically across the region, whereas groundwater in the Calivil–Renmark Formation shows a greater component of lateral flow. The overall pattern of geochemical and stable isotope variations implies that long-term vertical groundwater flow into the Calivil–Renmark Formation has occurred over thousands of years. Elevated C, N, and F concentrations, together with variable Cl/Br ratios and ¹⁸O values, suggest that short-term (years to decades) flow of surface water into the Calivil–Renmark Formation also occurs locally. The high degree of vertical flow implies that the high-quality groundwater resources of the Calivil–Renmark Formation are vulnerable to surface contamination. Groundwater in both the Shepparton and Calivil–Renmark Formations yields ¹⁴C ages of up to 20 ka that imply that, overall, recharge rates are low and that, consequently, the groundwater resource in both formations could be impacted by over abstraction.

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Resumen Las aguas subterráneas de la región de Goulburn, en la cuenca del río Murray (Australia), contienen solutos procedentes principalmente de la evaporación de agua de lluvia, disolución de silicatos e intercambio iónico. Aunque la variabilidad espacial de la hidrogeoquímica es reducida, el contenido total de sales disueltas en las aguas subterráneas de la formación no confinada de Shepparton es generalmente mayor que el del acuífero inferior confinado de la Formación Calivil–Renmark. Los datos de ¹⁴C, ³H y geoquímica sugieren que la recarga del acuífero de la Formación Shepparton es por infiltración (vertical) en toda la región, mientras que la Formación Calivil–Renmark tiene una mayor proporción de aportes laterales. Sin embargo, a escala local se produce recarga vertical en la Formación Calivil–Renmark, hecho que indica que este recurso es vulnerable a la contaminación. Las aguas subterráneas de ambas formaciones tienen edades de hasta 20.000 años, según datos de ¹⁴C, lo que implica que las tasas de recarga son bajas y, en consecuencia, que podría haber impactos asociados a la sobreexplotación del recurso. Las aguas subterráneas recientes de la región se caracterizan por relaciones molares muy variables de Cl/Br (de 50 a 1.200), reflejando la química de una precipitación semiárida que se ve modificada posteriormente por disolución de halita, asociada con terrenos secos y riego con aguas salinas. Las aguas subterráneas más profundas presentan relaciones más uniformes de Cl/Br (entre 500 y 800), y probablemente reflejan que la recarga se produjo en condiciones climáticas más húmedas que las actuales.

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Résumé Les eaux souterraines de la région de Goulburn dans le bassin de Murray (Australie) contiennent des solutés provenant essentiellement de lévaporation des pluies, de la dissolution de silicates et déchanges dions. Alors quil y a peu de variations spatiales du chimisme des eaux souterraines, les concentrations en sels dissous totaux des eaux souterraines de laquifère libre de la formation de Shepparton sont en général plus élevées que celles des eaux souterraines de laquifère captif sous-jacent de la formation de Calivil-Renmark. Des données de carbone-14, de tritium et de géochimie indiquent que laquifère de la formation de Shepparton est rechargé verticalement dans toute la région, tandis que laquifère de la formation de Calivil-Renmark présente une plus forte composante découlement latéral. Toutefois, localement, il se produit une recharge verticale de laquifère de la formation de Calivil-Renmark, ce qui indique que cette ressource est vulnérable à la contamination. Les eaux souterraines des formations de Shepparton et de Calivil-Renmark présentent toutes deux des âges carbone-14 de plus de 20 ka, ce qui implique des taux de recharge très faibles et, par conséquent, que leur ressource peut être affectée par des prélèvements excessifs. Les eaux souterraines récentes dans cette région sont caractérisées par un rapport molaire Cl/Br très variable (de 50 à 1200), qui reflète le chimisme de pluies en région semi-aride modifié en conséquence par la dissolution de la halite associée à la salinité due aux terres sèches et à lirrigation. Les eaux souterraines plus profondes possèdent des rapports Cl/Br plus uniformes (de lordre de 500 à 800) et reflètent probablement des eaux de recharge sous des conditions climatiques plus humides que les conditions actuelles.

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On the smoothing of climatological time series, with application to sea-level at Newlyn     

David E. Cartwright 《Geophysical Journal International》1983,75(3):639-658

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Response of Coastal Groundwater Table to Offshore Storms   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李凌  N.Cartwright  P.Nielsen  D.Lockington 《中国海洋工程》2004,18(3):423-431

Large groundwater table fluctuations were observed in a coastal aquifer during an offshore storm. The storm induced significant changes of the mean shoreline elevation, characterized by a pulse-like oscillation. This pulse propagated in the aquifer, resulting in the water table fluctuations. A general analytical solution is derived to quantify this new mechanism of water table fluctuation. The solution is applied to field observations and is found to be able to predict reasonably well the observed storm-induced water table fluctuations. Based on the analytical solution, the damping characteristics and phase shift of the oscillation as it propagates inland are examined.  相似文献   

The timing of high-temperature retrogression in the Reynolds Range, central Australia: constraints from garnet and epidote Pb-Pb dating     

Ian S. Buick  Robert Frei  Ian Cartwright 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1999,135(2-3):244-254

Lower Calcsilicate Unit metasediments and underlying migmatitic Napperby Gneiss metagranite at Conical Hill in the Reynolds Range, central Australia, underwent regional high-grade (∼680 to 720 °C), low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphism at 1594 ± 6 Ma. The Lower Calcsilicate Unit is extensively quartz veined and epidotised, and discordant grandite garnet + epidote quartz veins may be traced over tens of metres depth into pegmatites that pooled at the Lower Calcsilicate Unit-Napperby Gneiss contact. The quartz veins were probably precipitated by water-rich fluids that exsolved from partial melts derived from the Napperby Gneiss during cooling from the peak of regional metamorphism to the wet granite solidus. Pb stepwise leaching (PbSL) on garnet from three discordant quartz veins yielded comparable single mineral isochrons of 1566 ± 32 Ma, 1576 ± 3 Ma and 1577 ± 5 Ma, which are interpreted as the age of garnet growth in the veins. These dates are in good agreement with previous Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP) ages of zircon and monazite formed during high-temperature retrogression (1586 ± 5 to 1568 ± 4 Ma) elsewhere in the Reynolds Range. The relatively small age difference between peak metamorphism and retrograde veining suggests that partial melting and melt crystallisation controlled fluid recycling in the high-grade rocks. However, PbSL experiments on epidote intergrown with, and partially replacing, garnet in two of the veins yielded isochrons of 1454 ± 34 and 1469 ± 26 Ma. The ∼100–120 Ma age difference between intergrown garnet and late epidote from the same vein suggests that the vein systems may have experienced multiple episodes of fluid flow. Received: 24 April 1998 / Accepted: 17 December 1998  相似文献   

Controls on turbidite sand deposition during gravity-driven extension of a passive margin: examples from Miocene sediments in Block 4, Angola   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J. E. Anderson  J. Cartwright  S. J. Drysdall  N. Vivian 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2000,17(10):361

In recent years, exploration of the Lower Congo Basin in Angola has focused on the Neogene turbidite sand play of the Malembo Formation. Gravity tectonics has played an important role during deposition of the Malembo Formation and has imparted a well-documented structural style to the post-rift sediments. An oceanward transition from thin-skinned extension through mobile salt and eventually to thin-skinned compressional structures characterises the post-rift sediments. There has been little discussion, however, regarding the influence of these structures on the deposition of the Malembo Formation turbidite sands. Block 4 lies at the southern margin of the Lower Congo Basin and is dominated by the thin-skinned extensional structural style. Using a multidisciplinary approach we trace the post-rift structural and stratigraphic evolution of this block to study the structural controls on Neogene turbidite sand deposition.In the Lower Congo Basin the transition from terrestrial rift basin to fully marine passive margin is recorded by late Aptian evaporites of the Loeme Formation. Extension of the overlying post-rift sequences has occurred where the Loeme Formation has been utilised as a detachment surface for extensional faults. Since the late Cretaceous, the passive margin sediments have moved down-slope on the Loeme detachment. This history of gravity-driven extension is recorded in the post-rift sediments of Block 4. Extension commenced in the Albian in the east of the block and migrated westwards with time. In the west, the extension occurred mainly in the Miocene and generated allochthonous fault blocks or “rafts”, separated by deep grabens. The Miocene extension occurred in two main phases with contrasting slip vectors; in the early Miocene the extension vector was to the west, switching to southwest-directed extension in the late Miocene. Early Miocene faults and half-grabens trend north–south whereas late Miocene structures trend northwest–southeast. The contrast in slip vectors between these two phases emphasises the differences in driving mechanisms: the early Miocene faulting was driven by basinward tilting of the passive margin, but gravity loading due to sedimentary progradation is considered the main driver for the late Miocene extension. The geological evolution of the late Miocene grabens is consistent with southwest-directed extension due to southwest progradation of the Congo fan.High-resolution biostratigraphic data identifies the turbidite sands in Block 4 as early Miocene (17.5–15.5 Ma) and late Miocene (10.5–5.5 Ma) in age. Deposition of these sands occurred during the two main phases of gravity-driven extension. Conditions of low sedimentation rates relative to high fault displacement rates were prevalent in the early Miocene. Seafloor depressions were generated in the hangingwalls of the main extensional faults, ultimately leading to capture of the turbidity currents. Lower Miocene turbidite sand bodies therefore trend north–south, parallel to the active faults. Cross-faults and relay ramps created local topographic highs capable of deflecting turbidite flows within the half grabens. Flow-stripping of turbidity currents across these features caused preferential deposition of sands across, and adjacent to, the highs. Turbidite sands deposited in the early part of the late Miocene were influenced by both the old north–south fault trends and by the new northwest–southeast fault trends. By latest Miocene times turbidite channels crosscut the active northwest–southeast-trending faults. These latest Miocene faults had limited potential to capture turbidity currents because the associated hangingwall grabens were rapidly filled as pro-delta sediments of the Congo fan prograded across the area from the northeast.  相似文献   

Distinguishing between seafloor alteration and fluid flow during subduction using stable isotope geochemistry: examples from Tethyan ophiolites in the Western Alps   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Miller  & Cartwright 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2000,18(5):467-482

Large amounts of fluid, bound up in the hydrated upper layers of the ocean crust, are consumed at convergent margins and released in subduction zones through devolatilization. The liberated fluids may play an integral role in subduction zone processes, including the generation of arc-magmas. However, exhumed subduction zone rocks often record little evidence of large-scale fluid flow, especially at deeper levels within the subduction zone. Basaltic pillows from the high-pressure Corsican and Zermatt-Saas ophiolites show a range of δ¹⁸O values that overall reflect seafloor alteration prior to subduction. However, comparison between the δ¹⁸O values of the cores and rims of the pillows suggests that the δ¹⁸O values of the pillow rims at least have been modified during subduction and high-pressure metamorphism. Pillows that have not undergone high-pressure metamorphism generally have rims with higher δ¹⁸O values than their cores, whereas the converse is the case in pillows that have undergone high-pressure metamorphism. This reversal in the core to rim oxygen isotope relationship between unmetamorphosed and metamorphosed pillows is strong evidence for fluid–rock interaction occurring during subduction and high-pressure metamorphism. However, the preservation of different δ¹⁸O values in the cores and rims of individual pillows and within and between different pillows suggests that fluid flow within the subduction zone was strongly channelled. Resetting of the δ¹⁸O values in the pillow rims was probably due to fluid-hosted diffusion that occurred over relatively short time-scales (<1 Myr).  相似文献   

Improved Vertical Streambed Flux Estimation Using Multiple Diurnal Temperature Methods in Series          下载免费PDF全文

D. J. Irvine  M. A. Briggs  I. Cartwright  C. R. Scruggs  L. K. Lautz 《Ground water》2017,55(1):73-80

Analytical solutions that use diurnal temperature signals to estimate vertical fluxes between groundwater and surface water based on either amplitude ratios (A_r) or phase shifts (Δ?) produce results that rarely agree. Analytical solutions that simultaneously utilize A_r and Δ? within a single solution have more recently been derived, decreasing uncertainty in flux estimates in some applications. Benefits of combined (A_rΔ?) methods also include that thermal diffusivity and sensor spacing can be calculated. However, poor identification of either A_r or Δ? from raw temperature signals can lead to erratic parameter estimates from A_rΔ? methods. An add‐on program for VFLUX 2 is presented to address this issue. Using thermal diffusivity selected from an A_rΔ? method during a reliable time period, fluxes are recalculated using an A_r method. This approach maximizes the benefits of the A_r and A_rΔ? methods. Additionally, sensor spacing calculations can be used to identify periods with unreliable flux estimates, or to assess streambed scour. Using synthetic and field examples, the use of these solutions in series was particularly useful for gaining conditions where fluxes exceeded 1 m/d.  相似文献   

Explicit Modeling of Radon-222 in HydroGeoSphere During Steady State and Dynamic Transient Storage     

B.S. Gilfedder  I. Cartwright  H. Hofmann  S. Frei 《Ground water》2019,57(1):36-47

Transient storage zones (TSZs) are located at the interface of rivers and their abutting aquifers and play an important role in hydrological and biogeochemical functioning of rivers. The natural radioactive tracer ²²²Rn is a particularly well-suited tracer for studying TSZ water exchange and age. Although ²²²Rn measurement techniques have developed rapidly, there has been less progress in modeling ²²²Rn activities. Here, we combine field measurements with the numerical model HydroGeoSphere (HGS) to simulate ²²²Rn emanation, decay and transport during steady state (riffle-pool sequence) and transient (bank storage) conditions. Comparing the HGS mean water ages with the conventional ²²²Rn apparent ages during steady state showed a systemic underestimation of apparent age with increasing dispersion and especially where large concentration gradients exist within the subsurface. A large underestimation of apparent water age was also observed at the advective front during bank storage where regional high ²²²Rn groundwater mixes with newly infiltrated surface water. The explicit modeling of radiogenic tracers such as ²²²Rn offers a physical interpretation of this data as well as a useful way to test simplified apparent age models.  相似文献