Conceptualising the geographic world: the dimensions of negotiation in crowdsourced cartography     

Andrea Ballatore  Peter Mooney 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(12):2310-2327

In crowdsourced cartographic projects, mappers coordinate their efforts through online tools to produce digital geospatial artefacts, such as maps and gazetteers, which were once the exclusive territory of professional surveyors and cartographers. In order to produce meaningful and coherent data, contributors need to negotiate a shared conceptualisation that defines the domain concepts, such as road, building, train station, forest and lake, enabling the communication of geographic knowledge. Considering the OpenStreetMap Wiki website as a case study, this article investigates the nature of this negotiation, driven by a small group of mappers in a context of high contribution inequality. Despite the apparent consensus on the conceptualisation, the negotiation keeps unfolding in a tension between alternative representations, which are often incommensurable, i.e., hard to integrate and reconcile. In this study, we identify six complementary dimensions of incommensurability that recur in the negotiation: (1) ontology, (2) cartography, (3) culture and language, (4) lexical definitions, (5) granularity, and (6) semantic overload and duplication.  相似文献   

Rank-based strategies for cleaning inconsistent spatial databases     

Nieves R. Brisaboa  M. Andrea Rodríguez  Rodrigo A. Troncoso 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(2):280-304

A spatial data set is consistent if it satisfies a set of integrity constraints. Although consistency is a desirable property of databases, enforcing the satisfaction of integrity constraints might not be always feasible. In such cases, the presence of inconsistent data may have a negative effect on the results of data analysis and processing and, in consequence, there is an important need for data-cleaning tools to detect and remove, if possible, inconsistencies in large data sets. This work proposes strategies to support data cleaning of spatial databases with respect to a set of integrity constraints that impose topological relations between spatial objects. The basic idea is to rank the geometries in a spatial data set that should be modified to improve the quality of the data (in terms of consistency). An experimental evaluation validates the proposal and shows that the order in which geometries are modified affects both the overall quality of the database and the final number of geometries to be processed to restore consistency.  相似文献   

On the limit-cycle instability in magnetized accretion discs     

Andrea Merloni  Sergei Nayakshin 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,372(2):728-734

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A pre-shock event at Jupiter on 30 January 2001     

Karoly Szego  David T. Young  Bruce Barraclough  Andrew J. Coates  Michele K. Dougherty  Donald A. Gurnett  Andrea Opitz  Michelle F. Thomsen 《Planetary and Space Science》2006,54(2):200-211

In this paper we analyze a pre-shock event that we observed in the foot region of the quasi-parallel bow shock (BS) that the Cassini spacecraft crossed on 30 January 2001, at about 1030 UT. Before crossing the BS, the incoming solar wind first decelerated, and then the bulk velocity both of the proton and α components increased, the flow accelerated and decelerated, heated and cooled several times. We characterize the plasma in the foot using the data measured by the magnetometer, the radio and plasma wave science (RPWS) instrument, and the Cassini plasma spectrometer (CAPS) being carried onboard the Cassini spacecraft, and analyze the observations. We argue that the velocity and temperature changes can be caused by firehose instabilities excited by ions reflected from the shock. We investigate another possibility, shocklet formation, to account for the observed features, but conclude that this explanation seems to be less likely. In the foot we also identified both backstreaming electrons and ions and electrostatic waves in the 100-1000 Hz range very likely excited by the backstreaming electrons.  相似文献   

Development of a remotely controlled debris flow monitoring system in the Dolomites (Acquabona,Italy)     

Pia R. Tecca  Antonio Galgaro  Rinaldo Genevois  Andrea M. Deganutti 《水文研究》2003,17(9):1771-1784

Direct measurements of the hydrological conditions for the occurrence of debris flows and of flow behaviour are of the outmost importance for developing effective flow prevention techniques. An automated and remotely controlled monitoring system was installed in Acquabona Creek in the Dolomites, Italian Eastern Alps, where debris flows occur every year. Its present configuration consists of three on‐site stations, located in the debris‐flow initiation area, in the lower channel and in the retention basin. The monitoring system is equipped with sensors for measuring rainfall, pore‐water pressure in the mobile channel bottom, ground vibrations, debris flow depth, total normal stress and fluid pore‐pressure at the base of the flow. Three video cameras take motion pictures of the events at the initiation zone, in the lower channel and in the deposition area. Data from the on‐site stations are radio‐transmitted to an off‐site station and stored in a host PC, from where they are telemetrically downloaded and used by the Padova University for the study of debris flows. The efficiency of the sensors and of the whole monitoring system has been verified by the analysis of data collected so far. Examples of these data are presented and briefly discussed. If implemented at the numerous debris‐flow sites in the Dolomitic Region, the technology used, derived from the development of this system, will provide civil defence and warn residents of impending debris flows. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Long term spectral variability in the soft gamma-ray repeater SGR 1900+14     

Andrea Tiengo  Paolo Esposito  Sandro Mereghetti  Lara Sidoli  Diego Götz  Marco Feroci  Roberto Turolla  Silvia Zane  Gian Luca Israel  Luigi Stella  Peter Woods 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,308(1-4):33-37

We present a systematic analysis of all the BeppoSAX data of SGR1900+14. The observations spanning five years show that the source was brighter than usual on two occasions: ～20 days after the August 1998 giant flare and during the 10⁵?s long X-ray afterglow following the April 2001 intermediate flare. In the latter case, we explore the possibility of describing the observed short term spectral evolution only with a change of the temperature of the blackbody component. In the only BeppoSAX observation performed before the giant flare, the spectrum of the SGR1900+14 persistent emission was significantly harder and detected also above 10 keV with the PDS instrument. In the last BeppoSAX observation (April 2002) the flux was at least a factor 1.2 below the historical level, suggesting that the source was entering a quiescent period.  相似文献   

The imprint of the cosmic dark ages on the near-infrared background     

Ruben Salvaterra  Andrea Ferrara 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,339(4):973-982

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The anti-hierarchical growth of supermassive black holes     

Andrea Merloni 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,353(4):1035-1047

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Probing the Nekhoroshev Stability of Asteroids     

Massimiliano Guzzo  Zoran Knežević  Andrea Milani 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2002,83(1-4):121-140

We apply the spectral formulation of the Nekhoroshev theorem to investigate the long-term stability of real main belt asteroids. We find numerical indication that some asteroids are in the so-called Nekhoroshev stability regime, that is they are on chaotic orbits but their motion is stable over very long times. We have analyzed the motion of bodies in different regions of the belt, to assess the sensitivity of our method. We found that it allows us to clearly discriminate between different dynamical regimes, such as the one described by the Nekhoroshev stability, the one well described by the KAM theory, and the unstable chaotic regime in which diffusion in phase space can be detected over time spans much shorter than the age of the solar system.  相似文献   

Envelope instability in giant planet formation     

Omar G. Benvenuto  Adrián Brunini  Andrea Fortier 《Icarus》2007,191(1):394-396

We compute the growth of isolated gaseous giant planets for several values of the density of the protoplanetary disk, several distances from the central star and two values for the (fixed) radii of accreted planetesimals. Calculations were performed in the frame of the core instability mechanism and the solids accretion rate adopted is that corresponding to the oligarchic growth regime. We find that for massive disks and/or for protoplanets far from the star and/or for large planetesimals, the planetary growth occurs smoothly. However, notably, there are some cases for which we find an envelope instability in which the planet exchanges gas with the surrounding protoplanetary nebula. The timescale of this instability shows that it is associated with the process of planetesimals accretion. The presence of this instability makes it more difficult the formation of gaseous giant planets.  相似文献