Organic carbon fluxes of a glacier surface: A case study of Foxfonna,a small Arctic glacier     

Krystyna A. Koziol  Helen L. Moggridge  Joseph M. Cook  Andy J. Hodson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(2):405-416

Arctic glaciers are rapidly responding to global warming by releasing organic carbon (OC) to downstream ecosystems. The glacier surface is arguably the most biologically active and biodiverse glacial habitat and therefore the site of important OC transformation and storage, although rates and magnitudes are poorly constrained. In this paper, we present measurements of OC fluxes associated with atmospheric deposition, ice melt, biological growth, fluvial transport and storage (in superimposed ice and cryoconite debris) for a supraglacial catchment on Foxfonna glacier, Svalbard (Norway), across two consecutive years. We found that in general atmospheric OC input (averaging 0.63 ± 0.25 Mg a^-1 total organic carbon, i.e. TOC, and 0.40 ± 0.22 Mg a^-1 dissolved organic carbon, i.e. DOC) exceeded fluvial OC export (0.46 ± 0.04 Mg a^-1 TOC and 0.36 ± 0.03 Mg a^-1 DOC). Early in the summer, OC was mobilised in snowmelt but its release was delayed by temporary storage in superimposed ice on the glacier surface. This delayed the export of 28.5% of the TOC in runoff. Biological production in cryoconite deposits was a negligible potential source of OC to runoff, while englacial ice melt was far more important on account of the glacier's negative ice mass balance (–0.89 and –0.42 m a^-1 in 2011 and 2012, respectively). However, construction of a detailed OC budget using these fluxes shows an excess of inputs over outputs, resulting in a net retention of OC on the glacier surface at a rate that would require c. 3 years to account for the OC stored as cryoconite debris. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Influence of vegetation cover on sand transport by wind: field studies at Owens Lake,California     

Nicholas Lancaster  Andy Baas 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1998,23(1):69-82

Field studies conducted at Owens Lake, California, provide direct measurements of sand flux on sand sheets with zero to 20 per cent cover of salt grass. Results from 12 different sand transport events show that aerodynamic roughness length and threshold wind shear velocity increase with vegetation cover as measured by vertically projected cover and roughness density (λ). This results in a negative exponential decrease in sediment flux with increasing vegetation cover such that sand transport is effectively eliminated when the vertically projected cover of salt grass is greater than 15 per cent. A general empirical model for the relation between sand flux and vegetation cover has been derived and can be used to predict the amount of vegetation required to stabilize sand dune areas. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Soil water movement and nutrient cycling in semi-arid rangeland: vegetation change and system resilience     

Andy J. Dougill  A. Louise Heathwaite  David S. G. Thomas 《水文研究》1998,12(3):443-459

Recent decades have seen rapid intensification of cattle production in semi-arid savannah ecosystems, increasingly on formalized ranch blocks. As a result, vegetation community changes have occurred, notably bush encroachment (increased bush dominance) in intensively grazed areas. The exact causes of this vegetation change remain widely debated. Previous studies have suggested: (i) increased leaching of water and nutrients into the subsoil in intensively grazed areas provides deeper rooting bush species with a competitive advantage for soil water and nutrients, and (ii) nutrient leaching may be exacerbated by nutrient inputs from cattle dung and urine. Our research in the Eastern Kalahari showed that in infertile sandy soils both the magnitude of soil water and concentration of soil nutrients leached into the subsoil is largely unaffected by the ecological and biochemical effects of increased cattle use. We found that despite the high soil hydraulic conductivity ( &greaterno;12 cm h⁻¹), relatively high subsoil moisture contents and the restriction of water movement to matrix flow pathways prevent leaching losses beyond the rooting zone of savannah grass species. No significant differences in patterns of soil water redistribution were noted between bush dominant and grass dominant sites. We also found that the low nutrient status of Kalahari soils and leachate movement as matrix flow combine to allow nutrient adsorption on to soil particles. Nutrient adsorption ensures that nitrogen and phosphorus cycling remains topsoil dominated even following the removal of vegetation and direct nutrient inputs in cattle dung and urine. This conclusion refutes environmental change models that portray increases in the leaching of soil water and available nitrogen as a major factor causing bush encroachment. This provides a possible explanation for the now widely cited, but hitherto unexplained, resilience of dryland soils. We suggest that infertile sandy soils appear resilient to changes in soil water distribution and nutrient availability caused by increased cattle use. Hence, soil characteristics contribute to the resilience to permanent ecological change that is increasingly recognized as an attribute of semi-arid rangelands. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Utilising Scenarios to Facilitate Multi‐Objective Land Use Modelling for Broadland,UK, to 2100     

Paul Munday  Andy P Jones  Andrew A Lovett 《Transactions in GIS》2010,14(3):241-263

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A Cromerian Complex stalagmite from the Mendip Hills,England     

Andy Baker  Christopher J. Caseldine  Jackie Hatton  Christopher J. Hawkesworth  Alfred G. Latham 《第四纪科学杂志》1997,12(6):533-537

In order to provide a better chronological constraint on a British Middle Pleistocene interglacial, a large stalagmite boss from the Mendip Hills was selected for palaeoclimate data using pollen analysis. Dating analyses by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS) of uranium–thorium ratios and by magnetostratigraphy constrain the age of the sample to 450–780 ka. The isotopic consistency of the TIMS analyses, plus the presence of luminescence laminations, suggest that the sample has been preserved under closed-system conditions. Pollen assemblages have been recovered from the speleothems, despite the fact that the pH of calcite deposition is usually greater than 7. Furthermore the evidence presented here indicates that the pollen was probably transported by the speleothem feedwater, rather than entering the cave aerially. The pollen record contained within the stalagmite is interpreted as early–mid-interglacial but does not have clear Cromerian affinity. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Assessing the impact of distributed snow water equivalent calibration and assimilation of Copernicus snow water equivalent on modelled snow and streamflow performance     

Andy D. Beaton  Ming Han  Bryan A. Tolson  James M. Buttle  Robert A. Metcalfe 《水文研究》2024,38(2):e15075

Accuracy of the Copernicus snow water equivalent (SWE) product and the impact of SWE calibration and assimilation on modelled SWE and streamflow was evaluated. Daily snowpack measurements were made at 12 locations from 2016 to 2019 across a 4104 km² mixed-forest basin in the Great Lakes region of central Ontario, Canada. Sub-basin daily SWE calculated from these sites, observed discharge, and lake levels were used to calibrate a hydrologic model developed using the Raven modelling framework. Copernicus SWE was bias corrected during the melt period using mean bias subtraction and was compared to daily basin average SWE calculated from the measured data. Bias corrected Copernicus SWE was assimilated into the models using a range of parameters and the parameterizations from the model calibration. The bias corrected Copernicus product agreed well with measured data and provided a good estimate of mean basin SWE demonstrating that the product shows promise for hydrology applications within the study region. Calibration to spatially distributed SWE substantially improved the basin scale SWE estimate while only slightly degrading the flow simulation demonstrating the value of including SWE in a multi-objective calibration formulation. The particle filter experiments yielded the best SWE estimation but moderately degraded the flow simulation. The particle filter experiments constrained by the calibrated snow parameters produced similar results to the experiments using the upper and lower bounds indicating that, in this study, model calibration prior to assimilation was not valuable. The calibrated models exhibited varying levels of skill in estimating SWE but demonstrated similar streamflow performance. This indicates that basin outlet streamflow can be accurately estimated using a model with a poor representation of distributed SWE. This may be sufficient for applications where estimating flow is the primary water management objective. However, in applications where understanding the physical processes of snow accumulation, melt and streamflow generation are important, such as assessing the impact of climate change on water resources, accurate representations of SWE are required and can be improved via multi-objective calibration or data assimilation, as demonstrated in this study.  相似文献   

Validation of the CME Geomagnetic Forecast Alerts Under the COMESEP Alert System     

Mateja Dumbović  Nandita Srivastava  Yamini K. Rao  Bojan Vršnak  Andy Devos  Luciano Rodriguez 《Solar physics》2017,292(8):96

Under the European Union 7th Framework Programme (EU FP7) project Coronal Mass Ejections and Solar Energetic Particles (COMESEP, http://comesep.aeronomy.be ), an automated space weather alert system has been developed to forecast solar energetic particles (SEP) and coronal mass ejection (CME) risk levels at Earth. The COMESEP alert system uses the automated detection tool called Computer Aided CME Tracking (CACTus) to detect potentially threatening CMEs, a drag-based model (DBM) to predict their arrival, and a CME geoeffectiveness tool (CGFT) to predict their geomagnetic impact. Whenever CACTus detects a halo or partial halo CME and issues an alert, the DBM calculates its arrival time at Earth and the CGFT calculates its geomagnetic risk level. The geomagnetic risk level is calculated based on an estimation of the CME arrival probability and its likely geoeffectiveness, as well as an estimate of the geomagnetic storm duration. We present the evaluation of the CME risk level forecast with the COMESEP alert system based on a study of geoeffective CMEs observed during 2014. The validation of the forecast tool is made by comparing the forecasts with observations. In addition, we test the success rate of the automatic forecasts (without human intervention) against the forecasts with human intervention using advanced versions of the DBM and CGFT (independent tools available at the Hvar Observatory website, http://oh.geof.unizg.hr ). The results indicate that the success rate of the forecast in its current form is unacceptably low for a realistic operation system. Human intervention improves the forecast, but the false-alarm rate remains unacceptably high. We discuss these results and their implications for possible improvement of the COMESEP alert system.  相似文献   

Self-consistent gravitational lens reconstruction     

Simon Dye  & Andy Taylor 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,300(2):L23-L28

We present a new method for directly determining accurate, self-consistent cluster lens mass and shear maps in the strong lensing regime from the magnification bias of background galaxies. The method relies upon pixellization of the surface mass density distribution which allows us to write down a simple, solvable set of equations. We also show how pixellization can be applied to methods of mass determination from measurements of shear and present a simplified method of application. The method is demonstrated with cluster models and applied to magnification data from the lensing cluster Abell 1689.  相似文献   

The isotope hydrology of the Muskoka River Watershed,Ontario, Canada     

April L. James  Emily Dusome  Tim Field  Huaxia Yao  Chris McConnell  Andy Beaton  Arghavan Tafvizi 《水文研究》2020,34(4):914-926

Stable isotope tracers of δ¹⁸O and δ²H are increasingly being applied in the study of water cycling in regional-scale watersheds in which human activities, like river regulation, are important influences. In 2015, δ¹⁸O and δ²H were integrated into a water quality survey in the Muskoka River Watershed with the aim to provide new regional-scale characterization of isotope hydrology in the 5,100-km² watershed located on the Canadian Shield in central Ontario, Canada. The forest dominated region includes ~78,000 ha of lakes, 42 water control structures, and 11 generating stations, categorized as “run of river.” Within the watershed, stable isotope tracers have long been integrated into hydrologic process studies of both headwater catchments and lakes. Here, monthly surveys of δ¹⁸O and δ²H in river flow were conducted in the watershed between April 2015 and November 2016 (173 surface water samples from 10 river stations). Temporal patterns of stable isotopes in river water reflect seasonal influences of snowmelt and summer-time evaporative fractionation. Spatial patterns, including differences observed during extreme flood levels experienced in the spring of 2016, reflect variation in source contributions to river flow (e.g., snowmelt or groundwater versus evaporatively enriched lake storage), suggesting more local influences (e.g., glacial outwash deposits). Evidence of combined influences of source mixing and evaporative fractionation could, in future, support application of tracer-enabled hydrological modelling, estimation of mean transit times and, as such, contribute to studies of water quality and water resources in the region.  相似文献   

Weighting climate model ensembles for mean and variance estimates     

Ned Haughton  Gab Abramowitz  Andy Pitman  Steven J. Phipps 《Climate Dynamics》2015,45(11-12):3169-3181

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