Geology,fluid inclusion and sulphur isotope characteristics of the El Cobre VHMS deposit,Southern Cuba     

Xiomara Cazañas  Pura Alfonso  Joan Carles Melgarejo  Joaquín Antonio Proenza  Anthony Edward Fallick 《Mineralium Deposita》2008,43(7):805-824

The El Cobre deposit is located in eastern Cuba within the volcanosedimentary sequence of the Sierra Maestra Paleogene arc. The deposit is hosted by tholeiitic basalts, andesites and tuffs and comprises thick stratiform barite and anhydrite bodies, three stratabound disseminated up to massive sulphide bodies produced by silicification and sulphidation of limestones or sulphates, an anhydrite stockwork and a siliceous stockwork, grading downwards to quartz veins. Sulphides are mainly pyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite; gold occurs in the stratabound ores. Fluid inclusions measured in sphalerite, quartz, anhydrite and calcite show salinities between 2.3 and 5.7 wt% NaCl eq. and homogenisation temperatures between 177 and 300°C. Sulphides from the stratabound mineralisation display δ ³⁴S values of 0‰ to +6.0‰, whilst those from the feeder zone lie between −1.4‰ and +7.3‰. Sulphides show an intra-grain sulphur isotope zonation of about 2‰; usually, δ ³⁴S values increase towards the rims. Sulphate sulphur has δ ³⁴S in the range of +17‰ to +21‰, except two samples with values of +5.9‰ and +7.7‰. Sulphur isotope data indicate that the thermochemical reduction of sulphate from a hydrothermal fluid of seawater origin was the main source of sulphide sulphur and that most of the sulphates precipitated by heating of seawater. The structure of the deposit, mineralogy, fluid inclusion and isotope data suggest that the deposit formed from seawater-derived fluids with probably minor supply of magmatic fluids.  相似文献   

Variations in the accuracy of gravity recovery due to ground track variability: GRACE,CHAMP, and GOCE   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

J. Klokočník  C. A. Wagner  J. Kostelecký  A. Bezděk  P. Novák  D. McAdoo 《Journal of Geodesy》2008,82(12):917-927

Following an earlier recognition of degraded monthly geopotential recovery from GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) due to prolonged passage through a short repeat (low order resonant) orbit, we extend these insights also to CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) and GOCE (Gravity field and steady state Ocean Circulation Explorer). We show wide track-density variations over time for these orbits in both latitude and longitude, and estimate that geopotential recovery will be as widely affected as well within all these regimes, with lesser track density leading to poorer recoveries. We then use recent models of atmospheric density to estimate the future orbit of GRACE and warn of degraded performance as other low order resonances are encountered in GRACE’s free fall. Finally implications for the GOCE orbit are discussed.  相似文献   

Numerical solution of the linearized fixed gravimetric boundary-value problem     

R. Čunderlík  K. Mikula  M. Mojzeš 《Journal of Geodesy》2008,82(1):15-29

The fixed gravimetric boundary-value problem (FGBVP) represents an exterior oblique derivative problem for the Laplace equation. Terrestrial gravimetric measurements located by precise satellite positioning yield oblique derivative boundary conditions in the form of surface gravity disturbances. In this paper, we discuss the boundary element method (BEM) applied to the linearized FGBVP. In spite of previous BEM approaches in geodesy, we use the so-called direct BEM formulation, where a weak formulation is derived through the method of weighted residuals. The collocation technique with linear basis functions is applied for deriving the linear system of equations from the arising boundary integral equations. The nonstationary iterative biconjugate gradient stabilized method is used to solve the large-scale linear system of equations. The standard MPI (message passing interface) subroutines are implemented in order to perform parallel computations. The proposed approach gives a numerical solution at collocation points directly on the Earth’s surface (on a fixed boundary). Numerical experiments deal with (i) global gravity field modelling using synthetic data (surface gravity disturbances generated from a global geopotential model (GGM)) (ii) local gravity field modelling in Slovakia using observed gravity data. In order to extend computations, the memory requirements are reduced using elimination of the far-zone effects by incorporating GGM or a coarse global numerical solution obtained by BEM. Statistical characteristics of residuals between numerical solutions and GGM confirm the reliability of the approach and indicate accuracy of numerical solutions for the global models. A local refinement in Slovakia results in a local (national) quasigeoid model, which when compared with GPS-levelling data, does not make a large improvement on existing remove-restore-based models.  相似文献   

A new method for three-carrier GNSS ambiguity resolution   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

U. Fernández-Plazaola  T. M. Martín-Guerrero  J. T. Entrambasaguas 《Journal of Geodesy》2008,82(4-5):269-278

A new method for resolving the carrier-phase integer ambiguity in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is presented: the MOdified Cholesky factorization for Ambiguity (MOCA) resolution. The characteristics and features of this method are described and results obtained using a software simulator and an emulator are presented to validate its efficiency. The results are then compared to those obtained using another existing method and good performance of the MOCA method in new GNSS systems is shown. Furthermore, the proposed method yields accurate results even when short time spans are used or when there are poor estimations of measurement error, making it immune to non-ideal conditions and ultimately a practical solution for real applications.  相似文献   

Francisco José de Caldas's Unaccomplished Life-Project – His Map Provincias Unidas de la Nueva Granada, 1811/ 1815     

Sergio Mejía 《The Cartographic journal》2017,54(2):163-172

The first attempted republican map of present-day Colombia remained unachieved. Francisco José de Caldas worked on it since 1797 and, come the revolution and Nueva Granada's republican inception, he prepared two successive cartouches to introduce it: the first one in 1811, the latter in 1815. Finally entitled Provincias de la Nueva Granada, Caldas's map remains understudied. In this article, I establish its basic cartographic parameters, discuss the political context of its unfinished making and link it to its pertinent cartographic precedents.  相似文献   

Remote leveling of tide gauges using GNSS reflectometry: case study at Spring Bay,Australia   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Alvaro Santamaría-Gómez  Christopher Watson 《GPS Solutions》2017,21(2):451-459

We further developed a new approach using GNSS reflectometry to determine the leveling connection between a tide gauge and a GNSS antenna. This approach includes the optimization of the unknown receiver bandwidth and the estimation of frequency changes in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) oscillation through an extended Kalman filter/smoother algorithm. We also corrected the geometric bending of the GNSS signals due to tropospheric refraction using local meteorological observations. Using 3 weeks of SNR data in Spring Bay, Australia, from a GNSS antenna placed sideways (i.e., ground plane orientated vertically and directed in azimuth toward the sea surface) to improve the SNR interference near the horizon, we obtained mean leveling differences of approximately 5 mm, with an RMS of approximately 3 cm level with respect to the nominal leveling from classical surveying techniques. SNR data from three different receiver manufacturers, coupled to the same antenna, provided similar leveling results. With a second antenna in the usual upright configuration, we obtained mean leveling differences of 1–2 cm and a RMS of about 10 cm. In the upright configuration, the leveling differences may include errors in the GNSS antenna phase center calibration, which are avoided in our technique but not in the classical surveying techniques. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the reflectometry technique to obtain precisely and remotely the leveling between a GNSS antenna and a tide gauge. In addition, this technique can be applied continuously, providing an independent and economical means to monitor the stability of the tide gauge zero.  相似文献   

Climatic zoning for the calculation of the thermal demand of buildings in Extremadura (Spain)     

Francisco?J.?MoralEmail author  Elena?Pulido  Antonio?Ruíz  Fernando?López 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,129(3-4):881-889

The present work reports on a methodology to assess the climatic severity of a particular geographic region as compared to specific information available in the current regulations. The viability for each of the 387 municipalities in the Autonomous Community of Extremadura (Spain) is analysed, making a distinction between those with reliable climate reports and those for which no such information is available. In the case study, although the weather conditions in Extremadura are quite homogeneous according to the Spanish Technical Building Code (STBC 2015) classification and most areas are associated to zone C4 (soft winters and hot summers), the southern area in the region is associated to zone D1, similar to the north of Spain, where winters and summers are cool, which does not coincide with the actual climate in the south of Extremadura. The general climatic homogeneity in Extremadura was also highlighted with the new procedure, predominating zone C4, but unexpected or unreal climatic zoning was not generated, giving place to a consistent spatial distribution of zones throughout the region. Consequently, the proposed method allows a more accurate climatic zoning of any region in agreement with the Spanish legislation on energy efficiency in buildings, which would enhance the setting of thermal demand rates according to the actual climatic characterisation of the area in which a particular municipality is located.  相似文献   

Windstorm of the eighteenth century in the Czech Lands: course,extent, impacts     

Brázdil  Rudolf  Szabó  Péter  Dobrovolný  Petr  Řezníčková  Ladislava  Kotyza  Oldřich  Suchánková  Silvie  Valášek  Hubert 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,129(1-2):623-632

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - This paper addresses the course, extent, and impacts of a windstorm that occurred on 20–21 December 1740, in the Czech Lands. The analysis is based on...  相似文献   

Galileo Constellation Design   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Álvaro Mozo-García  Esperanza Herráiz-Monseco  Ana Belén Martín-Peiró  Miguel M. Romay-Merino 《GPS Solutions》2001,4(4):9-15

A significant effort has been carried out in Europe to define the European Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), named Galileo Satellites flying in Medium Earth Orbits (MEO) will compose the system (according to the most recent architecture definition baseline); a regional complement of geosynchronous satellites may be required to increase performances over Europe and maybe also to provide some specific communication services. Nominal medium performances are envisaged, but they will be increased by means of augmentation systems (local or wide area), or even by using simultaneously other GNSSs such as GPS. All the involved requirements make the design process quite complex. A powerful software tool, Elcano, has been developed for this purpose; its capabilities will be outlined, and the results of the design process will be presented. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

Metallogeny,structural, lithological and time controls of ore deposition in anoxic environments     

B. Kříbek 《Mineralium Deposita》1991,26(2):122-131

Accumulation of metals in anoxic environments occurs by sorption and precipitation from seawater, fossil brines or hydrothermal solutions. Metals can be remobilized during subsequent metamorphic and magmatic processes and form ore deposits. This type of mineralization is governed chiefly by the type of tectonic setting of the anoxic environment. Carbonaceous sediments of passive margins contain only subeconomic concentrations of uranium, vanadium and molybdenum. Cubearing black shales and the submarine-exhalative type of mineralization are confined to the environments of continental rifts and aulacogens or to back-arc basins of active margins. Metamorphogenic deposits are mainly connected with collision margins but they may also occur in other types of tectonic environments. The formation of Cu-bearing black shales was controlled by period of low sea-level during the break-up of supercontinents in the Earth's evolution. Increased contents of uranium and vanadium accumulated in black shales in periods of sealevel highstands. Lithological control is apparent in deposits of Cu-bearing and uraniferous black shales. On the contrary, the occurrence of polymetallic mineralization does not depend on the lithological maturity of carbonaceous sediments.  相似文献