The Garnì (Armenia) large earthquake on 14 June 1679: a new analysis     

E. Guidoboni  R. Haroutiunian  A. Karakhanian 《Journal of Seismology》2003,7(3):301-328

The 1679 Garnì earthquake was one ofthe most destructive seismic events inArmenia, and one of the most widelydocumented directly by Armenian sources,considering this is an area where historical documentation is, on the whole,rather scarce. Moreover, this earthquakeappears in the literature as the result ofvarious interpretative and research models,so there are contradictory assessments ofits impact and its parameters: itsmagnitude oscillated between 5.5 and 7, andepicentral intensity between VIII and Xdegree. Even its location varied by over40 km. This contribution aims to enhancethe acquired knowledge of this earthquakeby applying a methodology of analysis tothe available information that has alreadygiven positive results in historicalseismology in Europe. On the grounds of thenew sources and with a critical review ofpreviously known ones, the authors canprovide new and more accurate data on theearthquake, along with a detailed outlineof the characteristics of the buildingsaffected and the historical and demographicconditions under which the earthquakeoccurred. Moreover, the data has beensupplemented with a direct observationof the monuments still standing, thusrevealing some of the earthquake'spreviously unassessed damaging effects. Theauthors have clearly arranged the use ofdata pertaining to different typologies,maintaining the evidence of suchdiversities even in the evaluation of themacroseismic intensity. This methodologicalapproach has been adopted in order toevaluate the seismic effects in an areawith a low density of historicaldocumentation. As a result, the effects ofthis earthquake could be estimated at 34sites (of which 20 documented from coevalsources and 14 on the grounds of directobservations). For this event there isalso a good geological database regardingthe active fault of Garnì. Hence, thisstudy has also represented a test forcomparing the results of the historicalresearch with the known geological data.  相似文献   

Geochemical and organic petrological characterization of the organic matter of lacustrine Eocene oil shales (Prinz von Hessen,Germany): reconstruction of the depositional environment     

Peter?HofmannEmail author  Martina?Duckensell  Arkadi?Chpitsglous  Lorenz?Schwark 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2005,33(2):155-168

Optical and geochemical techniques were applied to sedimentary organic matter from the profundal area of the Eocene Lake Prinz von Hessen, which formed in a pull-apart basin on the Sprendlinger Horst, near Darmstadt, Germany. Variations in total sulphur content (S tot) and total organic carbon content (TOC), hydrogen index (HI), oxygen index (OI) and ¹³C values of the organic matter were used to reconstruct the lakes filling history. Following an initial rapid deepening phase, open lake conditions developed with HI reaching more than 500 mg HC/g TOC and TOC values up to 40%. The productivity of the lake was probably high and organic matter preservation was enhanced by a stratified water column. As the lake began to fill with sediment and became shallower, TOC and HI values declined, as the lake water was better oxygenated and preservation conditions declined. ¹³C values between –31 and –27 are controlled by the mixing of aquatic (algae and microbial mats) and terrigenous organic matter (wood, spores, pollen and cuticles). Following a rapid drop in lake level, shallow lake conditions alternated with swamp deposits (lignites) in the basin center. The organic matter preserved during this stage is strictly terrigenous in nature and experienced oxic degradation (HI 100 mg HC/g TOC). ¹³C values between –26 and –24 are typical for Eocene terrigenous matter. The inferred lake level fluctuations are interpreted to have been controlled by tectonic as well as climatic processes.  相似文献