Long-term effects of anthropogenic CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emissions simulated with a complex earth system model     

Uwe Mikolajewicz  Matthias Gröger  Ernst Maier-Reimer  Guy Schurgers  Miren Vizcaíno  Arne M. E. Winguth 《Climate Dynamics》2007,28(6):599-633

A new complex earth system model consisting of an atmospheric general circulation model, an ocean general circulation model, a three-dimensional ice sheet model, a marine biogeochemistry model, and a dynamic vegetation model was used to study the long-term response to anthropogenic carbon emissions. The prescribed emissions follow estimates of past emissions for the period 1751–2000 and standard IPCC emission scenarios up to the year 2100. After 2100, an exponential decrease of the emissions was assumed. For each of the scenarios, a small ensemble of simulations was carried out. The North Atlantic overturning collapsed in the high emission scenario (A2) simulations. In the low emission scenario (B1), only a temporary weakening of the deep water formation in the North Atlantic is predicted. The moderate emission scenario (A1B) brings the system close to its bifurcation point, with three out of five runs leading to a collapsed North Atlantic overturning circulation. The atmospheric moisture transport predominantly contributes to the collapse of the deep water formation. In the simulations with collapsed deep water formation in the North Atlantic a substantial cooling over parts of the North Atlantic is simulated. Anthropogenic climate change substantially reduces the ability of land and ocean to sequester anthropogenic carbon. The simulated effect of a collapse of the deep water formation in the North Atlantic on the atmospheric CO₂ concentration turned out to be relatively small. The volume of the Greenland ice sheet is reduced, but its contribution to global mean sea level is almost counterbalanced by the growth of the Antarctic ice sheet due to enhanced snowfall. The modifications of the high latitude freshwater input due to the simulated changes in mass balance of the ice sheet are one order of magnitude smaller than the changes due to atmospheric moisture transport. After the year 3000, the global mean surface temperature is predicted to be almost constant due to the compensating effects of decreasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations due to oceanic uptake and delayed response to increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations before.  相似文献   

A flexible gravity corer based on a plastic funnel closing principle     

Inggard Arne Blakar 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1978,40(1):191-198

A highly flexible and efficient gravity corer, easy to construct from inexpensive and readily available material, is described. Barrels of various length can be swiftly interchanged according to requirements in the field. Hollow weights can easily be adjusted to the most appropriate height of the barrel. The simple but reliable closing valve (constructed of two plastic funnels) can be adapted to other types of gravity corers as well. Several useful modifications of the corer are discussed.  相似文献   

Mineral zoning as a record of P,T history of Precambrian eclogites and schists in western Tasmania     

Arne Råheim 《Lithos》1975,8(3):221-236

Ferromagnesian minerals, particularly garnet but also phengite, omphacite and talc, from eclogites and surrounding schists from the Lyell Highway-Collingwood river area, western Tasmania are compositionally zoned.In rocks which have suffered little secondary alteration the Mg-value ($\text{100 Mg}\text{Mg+Fe}{}^{\mathrm{++}}$) of granets increases from core to rim, while the Mg-value of the most important coexisting ferromagnesian phases (clinopyroxene, phengite and talc in different assemblages) decreases from core to rim. CaO decreases from core to rim in garnet. MnO may show little or no variation in garnet, or decrease from core to rim.When compared with experimental data, the zoning of these minerals can be uniquely explained by growth during changing P,T conditions. The eclogites and the surrounding schists have the same prograde P,T history.When determining the K_D-values of garnet and its coexisting ferromagnesian phases it is important to consider secondary rim alterations as well as the prograde zoning of the mineral.  相似文献   

A convenient,one-hand-operated field burette     

Inggard Arne Blakar 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1980,42(1):78-83

A simple, cheap and easily constructable burette, particularly useful for alkalinity, dissolved oxygen and hardness titration is described. Precise titrant delivery (<1 μl) is controlled by a handy ‘clothespin valve’ connected to the lower opening of appropriately sized graduated pipettes or burette tubes. The burette is small, flexible and easily portable and should be highly recommended as an all round field burette for limnochemists.  相似文献   

Temperature and pressure dependence of Fe-Mg partitioning between garnet and phengite,with particular reference to eclogites     

Erling J. Krogh  Arne Råheim 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1978,66(1):75-80

Experimental data combined with data from natural rocks have been used to calibrate a geothermometer based on the distribution of Fe²⁺ and Mg between coexisting garnets and phengites. The pressure effect on the K _D -value appears to be considerable. The calculated thermometer is expressed as $$T(K) = \frac{{3685 + 77.1P(kb)}}{{InK_D + 3.52}}.$$ The use of this \(K_{D_{(FeO/MgO)} }^{ga + ph}\) geothermometer on eclogites with low Fe₂O₃ content, gives P-T values which are in good accordance with those obtained by other methods. The problems that arise when Fe³⁺ is present in larger amounts, are discussed.  相似文献   

Schiller effects and exsolution in sodium-rich plagioclases     

Arne Olsen 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1974,47(2):141-152

Plagioclase feldspars with mean compositions Ab_91,3Or_4,7An_4,0 and Ab_88,7An_10,1Or_1,2 have been studied by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The substructure consists of thin lamellae of albite and oligoclase. Two types of orientations of the lamellar planes were observed. The orientation of the more common type was found to change from (08 \(\bar 1\) ) to about ( \(\bar 1\) , 21, \(\bar 2\) ) as a function of the mean potassium content. The plane of the other type was found to be near ( \(\bar 7\) 12). Only the first type of lamellae produces visible Schiller colours.  相似文献   

Talc-garnet-kyanite-quartz schist from an eclogite-bearing terrane,Western Tasmania     

Arne Råheim  D. H. Green 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1974,43(3):223-231

Talc-garnet-kyanite-quartz schist occurs in an eclogite-bearing terrane in the Precambrian of Western Tasmania. It is argued that this rock was formed at a pressure of ? 10 kb and a temperature of 600°±20° C. Chemical zoning in the garnet and talc preserves evidence of increasing temperature during growth of the major minerals.  相似文献   

Orion: A 1–5 Micron Focal Plane for the 21st Century     

Albert M. Fowler  K. Michael Merrill  William Ball  Arne Henden  Fred Vrba  Craig McCreight 《Experimental Astronomy》2002,14(1):61-68

The Orion program is a project to develop a 2K × 2K infrared focal plane using InSb p-on-n diodes for detectors. It is the natural follow-up to the successful Aladdin 1K × 1K program started in the early 90's. The work is being done at the Raytheon Infrared Operations Division (RIO, previously known as the Santa Barbara Research Center) by many of the same people who created the Aladdin focal plane. The design is very similar to the successful Aladdin design with the addition of reference pixels, whole array readout (no quadrants), two-adjacent-side buttability, and a packaging design that includes going directly to the ultimate focal plane size of 4K × 4K. So far we have successfully made a limited number of hybrid modules with InSb detectors. In this paper we will describe the design features and test data taken from some of these devices. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Paleomagnetic constraints on Zn–Pb ore genesis of the Pillara Mine, Lennard Shelf, Western Australia     

D. T. A. Symons  D. C. Arne 《Mineralium Deposita》2005,39(8):944-959

The Pillara Zn–Pb deposit is the largest of several known Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits in the Lennard Shelf of the Canning Basin. Paleomagnetic and rock magnetic measurements are reported for 294 specimens from 23 sites in mineralization and its carbonate host rocks from the deposit as well as on 15 artificial specimens of zinc and lead concentrate and of tailings. Pyrrhotite carries the characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) in nearly all specimens. The ChRM postdates most faulting as shown by breccia tests and most minor regional tilting as shown by the degraded fit on tilt correction. The mean ChRM direction for all sites is D=20.6°, I=–27.5° (N=23, ₉₅=5.3°, k=34.1), yielding an age of 358±5 Ma (2) that is similar to the comparable age of 354±8 Ma (2) for the Kapok MVT deposit. Host rock diagenesis with attendant secondary remagnetization yields an age of 361±5 Ma (1) and the MVT mineralization with a primary chemical remanent magnetization gives an age of 356±3 Ma (1), co-eval with a published Rb–Sr sphalerite age of 357±3 Ma. Interpretation of this temporal data suggests that the MVT deposits of the southeastern Lennard Shelf originated during extension, probably in response to rift-related topography-driven fluid flow.Editorial handling: C. Brauhart  相似文献   

On D-C electrical conductivity in a partially ionized solar magnetoplasma     

Arne A. Wyller  Hong Sik Yun 《Solar physics》1971,21(1):116-120

A numerical application to the extreme cases of high and low degree of ionization of the binary collision theory of Burgers (1960) and the multiple collision theory of Shkarofsky (1960) shows very good agreement in the values of the magnetic tensor components for solar electrical conductivity. It is pointed out that the inclusion of ion motions in Burgers theory favors its use in the future evaluation of the solar thermal conductivity tensor.The research reported in this paper was sponsored by the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, AFSC, under Contract F19628-70-C-0192-P00001, but the report does not necessarily reflect endorsement by the sponsor.  相似文献