Pressure-temperature conditions in the Wadi Kid metamorphic complex: Implications for the pan-african event in SE Sinai     

Arthur P. S. Reymer  Alan Matthews  Oded Navon 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1984,85(4):336-345

Geothermobarometry using continuous equilibria in pelitic rocks of the central and northeastern Wadi Kid areas, Sinai, yields pressure estimates of 320 MPa (3.2 kbar) and temperature estimates of 565° C and >620° C for staurolite-andalusite zone assemblages and anatectic rocks, respectively. This corresponds to geothermal gradients of 47° C/km and 50° C/km. TheseP-T conditions are shown to be compatible with burial under a volcanic cover. The principal heat source for high-grade metamorphism and anatexis is thought to be rising magmatic diapirs. Uplift was relatively slow and the final stages of heating and early stages of cooling probably occurred isobarically. The data imply a high heat flow regime for the Pan-African event in Sinai.  相似文献   

Boundary skin friction and sediment transport about an animal-tube mimic   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

James E.  Eckman†Arthur R. M.  Nowell‡ 《Sedimentology》1984,31(6):851-862

ABSTRACT
A flume study was made of fluid flow, boundary skin friction, and sediment transport about an animal-tube mimic. The effect of a tube on momentum transfer depends most strongly on its height. A tube increases the net boundary skin friction locally and tends to promote sediment entrainment near its base. Flow in this region appears to be governed by the same similarity laws that apply to cylinders with much larger body Reynolds number. Particles travelling as suspended load may be deposited immediately downstream of the tube. The net sedimentological effect of any tube (i.e. deposition or scour) will depend both on its height and on the boundary shear stress imposed by the external flow. The near-wake region of a tube is dominated by a strong cross-stream exchange of momentum. Wake perturbations decay downstream seemingly in accordance with similarity laws which also govern mounted, two-dimensional structures.  相似文献   

Distribution and mode of occurrence of zinc and lead in glacial soils     

David R. Cole  Arthur W. Rose 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1984,20(2):137-160

The distribution and mode of occurrence of zinc and lead have been examined in glacial soils developed over a complex Precambrian marble-paragneiss terrain in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. Based on distribution within the soil profiles, zinc is enriched in the B₁ horizon of soils sampled over marble and lead is generally enriched in the A horizon, particularly in soils developed over paragneiss. Contrast is calculated using , where is the mean of n_A anomalous and n_B background samples, and S_p is the pooled standard deviation) for zinc, lead and cold-extractable heavy metals in soils sampled over marble and paragneiss. The t-values indicate that the B₁, soil horizon is the most suitable for sampling on a regular basis, even though lead is most concentrated in the A horizon.The distribution of zinc and lead among exchangeable, organic, iron-manganese oxide, clay, silt and sand fractions of B₁ horizons from two anomalous and one background soil indicates that both zinc and lead are tied up principally in iron and manganese oxides. The anomalous samples exhibit zinc enrichment in the Fe-oxide digestion and high Mn/Fe ratios for the Mn-oxide digestion (as well as the total analysis). In terms of total contribution to the sample, significant proportions of zinc in the clastic fraction can be attributed to zinc substitution into clays plus the ineffective removal of Fe-oxides by the ammonium oxalate extraction procedure. Lead, on the other hand, occurs in significant concentrations in clay, silt and sand as well as Fe- and Mn-oxides, probably as a trace constituent in feldspars or adsorbed onto clay surfaces.  相似文献   

Uranium geochemistry in groundwater from tertiary sediments     

Roy F. Spalding  A.Douglas Druliner  Lowell S. Whiteside  Arthur W. Struempler 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1984,48(12):2679-2692

Dissolved U concentrations and activity ratios (ARs) of the U isotopes in the ²³⁸U decay series were measured in ground and surface waters as part of an investigation to delineate the water quality in a proposed uranium mining area of northwest Nebraska. In oxidizing groundwaters from 67 wells completed in the Tertiary sediments, increasing U concentrations in the direction of groundwater flow generally were associated with a maturation of the formation water as evidenced by evolutionary trends in major ion character. The increased U levels probably are associated with leaching as shown by the positive correlation between U concentrations and total dissolved solids (TDS) (r = +0.83). The inverse relationships between TDS and U ARs (r = ?0.73) and U levels and ARs (r = 0.72) indicate that the decay of excess U-234 is related to maturation of the formation water and to sediment leaching along the flowpath. The data are described by a model which incorporates etching, decay and recoil and suggests that aquifer residence time can be estimated from the TDS level.The levels of soluble U in a reducing uraniferous hydrogeologic unit near Crawford, Nebraska are affected by the proximity of the sample collection to ore. In groundwater samples having similar chemistries (Na-SO₄ + Cl type), similar Ehs, and collected from a close-knit pattern, U concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 2,037 μg l^?1 and ARs ranged from 0.75 to 12.6. This high variability in U levels and ARs is indicative of uranium ore in small areal studies where low ARs almost always are associated with high U concentrations.  相似文献   

Occurrence and distribution of sulfur in peat-forming environments of southern Florida     

Arthur D. Cohen  William Spackman  Philip Dolsen 《International Journal of Coal Geology》1984,4(1):73-96

Cores and surface samples of peats from the Everglades—Mangrove region of Southern Florida were analyzed for total sulfur and pyritic sulfur. These values were compared with the petrographic-botanical components of the peats as determined from point-counts of oriented microtome sections. Pyrite occurs as individual euhedral crystals, loosely packed framboids, and lenses or crusts of minute crystals. Framboids and minute crystals are often associated with organic matter and sometimes with bacteria and fungi. Pyrite tends to selectively occur in void spaces in or between peat tissues. In samples containing very small amounts of pyrite, framboidal pyrite is the prevalent form.Marine to brackish peats contain the highest pyrite and total sulfur contents, with brackish peats generally containing more pyrite than marine peats. Pyrite tends to be lower in all peats within 30 cm of the surface, whether marine or brackish.Burial of freshwater peats beneath marine or brackish peats tends to increase the total sulfur and pyritic sulfur in the underlying peats. Burial beneath brackish-water, clay-rich deposits (such as splays) tends to increase total sulfur and pyritic sulfur in the underlying deposits more than burial beneath less clay-rich deposits.  相似文献   

Local member response in offshore structures under earthquake excitations     

Stavros A. Anagnostopoulos  Arthur R. Culbertson 《地震工程与结构动力学》1982,10(3):349-358

It is pointed out that local vibrations of certain members in earthquake excited offshore structures can induce substantial stresses that may often dominate the design of these members. Such vibrations are not accounted for in dynamic analyses of structural models with masses lumped at the joints. A practical, easy to implement solution to this problem is recommended and results from an actual structure, subjected to a three-component real earthquake, are presented demonstrating the importance of local inertia effects.  相似文献   

Tectonic ideas derived from the Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachin Mountains     

J. Rodgers 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1982,71(2):441-443

In the late 1830's and 1840's, the brothersWilliam andHenry Rogers (1843) explored the extraordinarily regular fold system of the Central Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province, the first such system to be accurately described, and showed that all the folds formed together within a single, tangential field of force. Their (hand-colored) cross sections, made with no vertical exaggeration and published in 1844, are of astonishing accuracy even today.William Rogers (1884) discovered several of the parallel thrust faults farther south in the province, although he interpreted them as steep upthrusts.Henry Rogers (1845) showed that slaty cleavage has the same trend as the associated folds and formed in the same force field, and he correctly interpreted an angular discordance between Ordovician and Silurian strata as evidence for an earlier period of deformation, although the importance of such precocious orogenies was not then understood. Somewhat later,James Hall (1859, 1883) recognized that the belt of folding was prefigured by a belt of exceptionally thick sediments, andJames D. Dana (1873) called the latter geosynclinal, attributing both belts to lateral compression caused by contraction of the Earth's crust over a cooling and shrinking interior.Late in the 19th century, studies in the Southern Appalachians produced several additional concepts, roughly contemporaneous with similar ideas in Europe: erosion thrusts (Hayes, 1891), underthrusting (Smith, 1893), competence and incompetence of deforming strata, and prefiguring of folds during sedimentation (Willis, 1893). In our own century, John L. Rich's article on the Pine Mountain (Cumberland) thrust sheet established the principle that much folding results from the stepping (ramping) of thrust faults from one incompetent layer to another.

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Zusammenfassung In den dreißiger und vierziger Jahren des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts erkundeten die BrüderWilliam undHenry Rogers (1843) das außerordentlich regelmäßige Faltensystem der Valley and Ridge Provinz der Zentralappalachen. Es war das erste genau beschriebene System dieser Art. Die Brüder Rogers zeigten, daß alle Falten zusammen in einem einzigen tangentialen Kraftfeld erzeugt worden waren. Ihre nicht überhöhten, handgefärbten Profile, 1844 veröffentlicht, sind selbst heute noch von erstaunlicher Genauigkeit.William Rogers (1884) entdeckte mehrere der parallelen Überschiebungen weiter südlich in der Provinz, deutete sie jedoch als steile Aufschiebungen.Henry Rogers (1845) zeigte, daß die Schieferung das gleiche Streichen, wie die verwandten Falten hat, und in dem gleichen Kraftfeld entstanden sind. Richtig deutete er eine Winkeldiskordanz zwischen ordovizischen und silurischen Lagen als Zeugen einer früheren Deformationsepisode, obwohl die Bedeutung solcher vorlaufenden Gebirgsbildungen damals noch nicht erkannt war. Etwas später erkannteJames Hall (1859, 1883), daß der Faltengürtel von einer Zone außerordentlich mächtiger Sedimentablagerungen vorgezeichnet war; J. D.Dana (1873) nannte diese Geosynklinale, indem er beide lateraler Kompression zuschrieb, verursacht durch Kontraktion der Erdkruste über einem abkühlenden und schrumpfenden Erdinneren.Im späten 19. Jahrhundert zeugten Forschungen in den Südappalachen mehrere weitere Konzepte, ungefähr gleichzeitig mit ähnlichen Ideen in Europa: Reliefüberschiebungen (Hayes, 1891); Unterschiebung (Smith, 1893); Kompetenz und Inkompetenz bei der Deformation von Schichtgesteinen; und Vorzeichnung von Falten während der Sedimentation (Willis, 1893). In unserem Jahrhundert hat J. L. Rich in seiner Arbeit über die Pine Mountain (Cumberland) Überschiebungsdecke den Grundsatz festgelegt, daß ein großer Anteil der Faltung durch stufenartiges Aufsteigen (ramping) von Überschiebungen von einer inkompetenten Lage zur nächsten entsteht.

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Résumé Dans les années 1830 á 1850, les frèresHenry etWilliam Rogers (1843) explorèrent le système des plis si réguliers de la province des Vallées et Crêtes dans les Appalaches centrales, le premier système de tels plis qui ait été exactement décrit, et ils montrèrent que tous ces plis se sont formés dans un seul champ de force. Leurs coupes (coloriées à la main), publiées en 1844 sans exagération verticale, possèdent une exactitude étonnante encore de nos jours.William Rogers (1884) découvrit quelques-uns des chevauchements parallèles, plus au sud dans la province, bien qu'il les interprétât comme des failles inverses de soulèvement.Henry Rogers (1845) reconnut que la schistosité (ardoisière) montre la même direction que les plis associés, ayant été formée dans le même champ de forces, et il interpréta correctement une discordance angulaire entre des strates ordoviciennes et siluriennes comme indiquant une période d'orogenèse antérieure, quoique la signification de telles orogenèses précoces ne fût pas comprise à cette époque. Un peu plus tard,James Hall (1859, 1883) reconnut que la zone de plissement appalachienne avait été préfigurée par une zone de sédimentation particulièrement épaisse, et D.Dana (1873) dénomma cette dernière zone «géosynclinale». Il attribua la formation des deux zones à la compression latérale due á la contraction de l'écorce terrestre au-dessus de l'intérieur en voie de refroidissement et de rétrécissement.Vers la fin du 19e siècle, des études dans les Appalaches méridionales aboutirent a des conceptions additionelles, sensiblement au moment de la découverte d'idées semblables en Europe: chevauchements épiglyptiques, (Hayes, 1981), sous-charriages (Smith, 1893), compétence relative des strates en cours de déformation, et anticipation des plis pendant la sédimentation (Willis, 1893). Dans notre siècle, les travaux de L.Rich sur le chevauchement de Pine Mountain (Cumberland) établirent le principe que beaucoup de plis résultent de la montée en rampe des surfaces de chevauchement d'un horizon peu compétent à un autre.

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William Henry Rogers (1843) 30- 40- Vallea Ridge . . , , , 1844 , . William Rogers (1884) , . Henry Rogers (1845) , , . , . James Hall (1859, 1883) , ; J. D. Dane (1873) , , . 19- , : (Hayes, 1891); (Smith, 1893); , , , , (Willis, 1893). J. L. Rich , , , .

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Handbook of exploration geochemistry. volume 1: analytical methods in geochemical prospecting: W. K. Fletcher,Elsevier, 1981, 256 pp, $59.50     

Arthur W. Rose 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1982,46(5):834-835

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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND GROUND-WATER POLLUTION     

Wayne A. Pettyjohn  Arthur W. Hounslow 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1983,3(4):41-47

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DDT,PCB and benzo(a)pyrene levels in white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus) from southern California     

Richard W Gossett  Harold W Puffer  Robert H Arthur  David R Young 《Marine pollution bulletin》1983,14(2):60-65

In 1978 the California Department of Fish and Game carried out a major, independent sportfishing survey in southern California. The results of that survey indicated that approximately one million angler-trip hours per year were spent fishing and that one in three fish caught was a white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus). There was no attempt by the Department of Fish and Game to determine the disposition of caught fish. We conducted a subsequent survey in 1980 which included 12 popular sportfishing sites in the Los Angeles area. Our results also indicated that one in three fish caught was a white croaker. In addition our survey showed that 82% of the sportfishermen ate the white croaker they caught and the median consumption was 14.8 g day^?1 person^?1. White croaker were then sampled by hook-and-line from 11 of the 12 survey sites plus two control sites and analysed for PCB, DDT and BaP. Median PCB levels ranged from 0.014 to 0.41 mg wet kg^?1; median DDT from 0.059 to 7.5 mg wet kg^?1 and BaP was below detectable limits of 1 ng for all sites.  相似文献