Minimum norm quadratic estimation of components of spatial covariance     

K. V. Mardia 《Mathematical Geology》1986,18(2):267

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measurement of noise power spectrum in photon counting PMT's and the effect of the observed (1/f) noise on astronomical photometry     

S. S. Raouf  A. R. Sadik  N. K. Wafi  K. M. Aboud 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1986,127(2):207-218

In astronomical photometry, the sensitivity of observations is limited by the dark counts of the photomultiplier tube. In the present work, the effect of dark count noise in photon counting systems is investigated by theory and experimental measurements. Dark counts are considered to be originating from two sources, namely: dc fluctuations and random pulses.Experimental measurements were carried out to determine noise effects in different operating regions of noise dominance. The results provide strong evidence that: in normal operating mode, where the effect of random pulses is dominant, dark counts do not follow Poisson statistics. The observed noise shows strong (1/f) power spectrum, where the observed noise power is found to increase with time of observation.The results are important in photon counting systems operating under dark count limited mode. The conclusions drawn can be useful in obtaining more accurate error estimates and in assessing astronomical photometric observations and data reduction techniques.  相似文献   

Revisiting Sustainable Development of Dry Valleys in Hengduan Mountains Region   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

TANGYa XIEJiasui SUNHui 《山地科学学报》2004,1(1):38-45

Dry valleys are a striking geographic landscape in Hengduan Mountains Region and are characterized by low rainfall, desert type of vegetation and fragile environment. Past efforts and resources have been concentrated mainly on rehabilitation of degraded ecosystem and fragile environment, particularly reforestation, while socio-economic development has been largely overlooked. Despite successes in pocket areas, the overall trend of unsustainability and environmental deterioration are continuing. It is important to understand that uplift of the Tibetan Plateau is the root cause of development of dry valleys, and development and formation of dry valleys is a natural process. Human intervention has played a secondary role in development of dry valleys and degradation of dry valleys though human intervention in many cases has speeded up environmental degradation of the dry valleys. It is important to understand that dry valleys are climatic enclaves and an integrated approach that combines rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems and socio-economic development should be adopted if the overall goal of sustainable development of dry valleys is to be achieved. Promotion of niche-based cash crops, rural energy including hydropower, solar energy, biogas and fuelwood plantation is recommended as the priority activities.  相似文献   

Long-Term Changes of Polar Activity of the Sun     

V. I. Makarov  A. G. Tlatov  D. K. Callebaut 《Solar physics》2004,224(1-2):49-59

We discuss long-time changes of polar activity of the Sun using the new observational data sets in the optical range during 1872–2001. A study of the secular and cycle variations of the magnetic activity at the high-latitude regions is the main goal that includes polar magnetic field reversals during 1872–2001 and secular changes of the duration of polar activity cycles. The secular increase of the area of polar zones during the minimum activity in the last 120 years and as consequence a decrease of coronal temperature of the Sun in the high-latitude zones during the last 50 years. Correlation between the polar cycles of Caii-K bright points with the Wolf sunspot numbers cycles, W(t), and the 22-year polar magnetic cycles of Caii-K bright points at the high latitudes during 1905–1995 is discussed.  相似文献   

Self-similar solutions for the blast wave problem in radiative gasdynamics,I     

J. B. Singh  K. S. Singh 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1985,111(1):79-85

Similarity solutions, describing the flow of a perfect gas behind spherical shock waves, are investigated including the radiation heat flux. The shock is assumed to be propagating in a medium at rest. Shock radius varies exponentially with time and density is inversely proportional to fifth power of the shock radius immediately ahead of the shock front.  相似文献   

Aircraft Observation of CO₂, CO, O₃ and H₂ over the North Pacific during the PACE-7 Campaign     

Y. SAWA  H. MATSUEDA  Y. MAKINO  H. Y. INOUE  S. MURAYAMA  M. HIROTA  Y. TSUTSUMI  Y. ZAIZEN  M. IKEGAMI  K. OKADA 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2004,56(1):2-20

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Thermal stability of a layer with permeable boundaries and variable gravitational field     

A. K. Singh  Mohammad Yusuf 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1990,167(1):69-80

The aim of this paper is to investigate the thermal stability of a fluid layer with permeable boundaries and a variable gravitational field. It is observed that the principle of exchange of stabilities is valid when the layer is heated form below and the complex growth rate of an arbitrary oscillatory mode exists outside of a circle whose radius depends upon the permeability parameter, Prandtl number and wavelength of the mode. In the case of a layer heated from below, gravity increasing upward has a destabilizing effect whereas the permeability parameter has a stabilizing effect.  相似文献   

The exact theory of inductive conductivity sensors for oceanographic application     

Striggow  K. Dankert  R. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1985,10(2):175-179

The results of a general theoretical investigation of three commonly used types of inductive conductivity sensors, i.e., the single transformer, the double transformer, and the double transformer with an additional loop, are presented. The resulting formulas describe the dependence of the sensor output signal not only on the conductivity of the seawater but also on the parameters of the electrical circuit, among them the permeability of the transformer core(s), which-unlike the other parameters-shifts considerably during oceanographic in situ measurements. A mathematical discussion of these formulas shows that for certain circuit configurations, the sensor output is independent of changes in permeability. Most of these configurations form the basis of existing oceanographical conductivity sensors, among them the "classical" sensors developed by H. Hinkelmann [3], [4], and by N. L. Brown [14], while some others make evident further possibilities for eliminating the unwanted effects of shifting permeability. In the era of microelectronics, the latter might lead to a reassessment, especially of the single transformer-type sensor.  相似文献   

Nature of the Martian uplands: Effect on Martian meteorite age distribution and secondary cratering     

William K. Hartmann  Nadine G. Barlow 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2006,41(10):1453-1467

Abstract— Martian meteorites (MMs) have been launched from an estimated 5–9 sites on Mars within the last 20 Myr. Some 80–89% of these launch sites sampled igneous rock formations from only the last 29% of Martian time. We hypothesize that this imbalance arises not merely from poor statistics, but because the launch processes are dominated by two main phenomena: first, much of the older Martian surface is inefficient in launching rocks during impacts, and second, the volumetrically enormous reservoir of original cumulate crust enhances launch probability for 4.5 Gyr old rocks. There are four lines of evidence for the first point, not all of equal strength. First, impact theory implies that MM launch is favored by surface exposures of near‐surface coherent rock (≤10² m deep), whereas Noachian surfaces generally should have ≥10² m of loose or weakly cemented regolith with high ice content, reducing efficiency of rock launch. Second, similarly, both Mars Exploration Rovers found sedimentary strata, 1–2 orders of magnitude weaker than Martian igneous rocks, favoring low launch efficiency among some fluvial‐derived Hesperian and Noachian rocks. Even if launched, such rocks may be unrecognized as meteorites on Earth. Third, statistics of MM formation age versus cosmic‐ray exposure (CRE) age weakly suggest that older surfaces may need larger, deeper craters to launch rocks. Fourth, in direct confirmation, one of us (N. G. B.) has found that older surfaces need larger craters to produce secondary impact crater fields (cf. Barlow and Block 2004). In a survey of 200 craters, the smallest Noachian, Hesperian, and Amazonian craters with prominent fields of secondaries have diameters of ?45 km, ?19 km, and ?10 km, respectively. Because 40% of Mars is Noachian, and 74% is either Noachian or Hesperian, the subsurface geologic characteristics of the older areas probably affect statistics of recognized MMs and production rates of secondary crater populations, and the MM and secondary crater statistics may give us clues to those properties.  相似文献   

AGGLOMERATION AND RADIATION EFFECT OF THE PULL OF URBANIZATION   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

QIJin-li 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2003,13(3):224-227

In order to explore the train of thought for China‘s urbanizing development and coordinated rural eco-nomic development, and to find good ways of solving rural problems through urbanization, this paper absorbs the push-and-pull forces theory and the systematic dynamic theory in the traditional population migration theories, views urbanization as a dynamic system, makes research on the push-and-pull mechanism of urbanization. The pulling power of urbanization is analyzed according to two aspects, the agglomeration effect and the radiation effect of cities. The agglomeration effect provides continuous propelling force for urbanization, and the radiation effect further accelerates the urbanization process by pushing forward the development of rural economy. Of course, the slow de-velopment of urbanization can result in the hindrance to rural economic development.  相似文献