The Continuous Plankton Recorder: concepts and history, from Plankton Indicator to undulating recorders   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

P. C. Reid  J. M. Colebrook  J. B. L. Matthews  J. Aiken  Continuous Plankton Recorder Team 《Progress in Oceanography》2003,58(2-4):117

Alister Hardy conceived the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey in the 1920s as a means of mapping near-surface plankton in space and time, interpreting the changing fortunes of the fisheries and relating plankton changes to hydrometeorology and climatic change. The seed he planted has grown to become the most extensive long-term survey of marine organisms in the world and the breadth of his vision becomes ever more apparent. The survey has now run for over 70 years and its value increases with every passing decade. Operating from ‘ships of opportunity’ the machines used are robust, reliable and easy to handle. Wherever possible, all the sampling and analytical methods have not been changed to maintain the consistency of the time series. Computerisation and the development of new statistical approaches have increased our ability to handle the large quantities of information generated and enhance the sensitivity of the data analyses. This overview, based on almost 900 papers, recounts the various phases in the history of the survey. It starts with the Indicator Survey (1921–1934), the deployment of the first CPR on the Discovery Expedition (1924–1927) and the early CPR survey in the North Sea (1931–1939). The survey reopened in 1946 after the Second World War and expanded across the North Atlantic to North America from 1959. Taxonomic studies were initiated and an emphasis was placed on patterns of distribution, which were seen to reflect the varying oceanographic conditions. The years 1968–1976 saw further expansion with operations even in the American Great Lakes, publication of a Plankton Atlas and initial evidence for a downward trend in plankton biomass. At about this time electronic instrumentation was attached to CPRs to make additional measurements and work was started on the development of a new generation of undulating Continuous Plankton and Environmental Recorders (CPERs). In 1976 the survey moved to Plymouth. Scientific priorities in the UK changed in the subsequent decade and funding became more difficult to secure even though some of the CPR papers being published at the time are now regarded as classics in plankton ecology. In 1988 the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) decided to close the survey. An international rescue operation led to the creation of the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS) in 1990, which has continued with consortium funding from a number of countries, and from 1999 again included NERC. The scientific rationale of the survey has gained credibility as concern over climate change and other anthropogenic effects has grown and as the key role that plankton plays as an indicator of large-scale environmental conditions becomes ever more apparent. Recently, the survey became an integral component of the Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS) and expanded into the North Pacific. It plays a complementary role in many large international and multidisciplinary projects and is providing inspiration, advice and support to daughter surveys elsewhere in the world. At the start of a new millennium, Hardy’s vision from the 1920s is a powerful driving force not just in international biological oceanography, but in global environmental science.  相似文献   

Observations of the Labrador Sea eddy field   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jonathan M. Lilly  Peter B. RhinesFriedrich Schott  Kara LavenderJohn Lazier  Uwe SendEric D’Asaro 《Progress in Oceanography》2003,59(1):75-176

This paper is an observational study of small-scale coherent eddies in the Labrador Sea, a region of dense water formation thought to be of considerable importance to the North Atlantic overturning circulation. Numerical studies of deep convection emphasize coherent eddies as a mechanism for the lateral transport of heat, yet their small size has hindered observational progress. A large part of this paper is therefore devoted to developing new methods for identifying and describing coherent eddies in two observational platforms, current meter moorings and satellite altimetry. Details of the current and water mass structure of individual eddy events, as they are swept past by an advecting flow, can then be extracted from the mooring data. A transition is seen during mid-1997, with long-lived boundary current eddies dominating the central Labrador Sea year-round after this time, and convectively formed eddies similar to those seen in deep convection modeling studies apparent prior to this time. The TOPEX / Poseidon altimeter covers the Labrador Sea with a loose “net” of observations, through which coherent eddies can seem to appear and disappear. By concentrating on locating and describing anomalous events in individual altimeter tracks, a portrait of the spatial and temporal variability of the underlying eddy field can be constructed. The altimeter results reveal an annual “pulsation” of energy and of coherent eddies originating during the late fall at a particular location in the boundary current, pinpointing the time and place of the boundary current-type eddy formation. The interannual variability seen at the mooring is reproduced, but the mooring site is found to be within a localized region of greatly enhanced eddy activity. Notably lacking in both the annual cycle and interannual variability is a clear relationship between the eddies or eddy energy and the intensity of wintertime cooling. These eddy observations, as well as hydrographic evidence, suggest an active role for boundary current dynamics in shaping the energetics and water mass properties of the interior region.  相似文献   

The autonomous underwater glider "Spray"   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Sherman  J. Davis  R.E. Owens  W.B. Valdes  J. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2001,26(4):437-446

A small (50-kg, 2-m long) underwater vehicle with operating speeds of 20-30 cm/s and ranges up to 6000 km has been developed and field tested. The vehicle is essentially an autonomous profiling float that uses a buoyancy engine to cycle vertically and wings to glide horizontally while moving up and down. Operational control and data relay is provided by GPS navigation and two-way communication through ORBCOMM low-Earth-orbit satellites. Missions are envisioned with profile measurements repeated at a station or spaced along a transect. The initial instrument complement of temperature, conductivity, and pressure sensors was used to observe internal waves and tides in the Monterey underwater canyon  相似文献   

Comparison of three oxidation methods used for the analysis of the dissolved organic carbon in seawater     

R. M. Gershey  M. D. Mackinnon  P. J. le B. Williams  R. M. Moore 《Marine Chemistry》1979,7(4):289-306

Three methods for the determination of dissolved organic carbon in seawater were compared. Samples were analysed using persulphate oxidation, high-temperature combustion, and ultraviolet photo-oxidation. The dissolved organic carbon content of the seawater samples ranged from 0.6 to 1.6 mg C/I. This study shows that results of high-temperature oxidation and photo-oxidation procedures differ by less than 5%, whereas results with persulphate oxidation are about 15% less than those obtained with the high-temperature oxidation. The relative merits of each of the oxidation techniques for the determination of organic matter in seawater are discussed.  相似文献   

Selection of Cape Hake (Merluccius Merluccius Capensis Castelnau And Merluccius Merluccius Paradoxus Franca) by Bottom-Trawl Cod-Ends     

Bohl  H.; Botha  L.; van Eck  T. H. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1971,33(3):438-471

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Dispersal patterns of clay minerals in the sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea     

K. VenkatarathnamWilliam B.F. Ryan 《Marine Geology》1971

A semiquantitative X-ray diffraction study of the finer-than-2μ-size fraction of the surface sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea has been carried out. On the basis of the abundances and the distributional patterns of the different clay minerals six mineral assemblages are distinguished. These assemblages have distinctive sources and their dispersal reflects different agents of transport in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.  相似文献   

Bifurcating and wandering ocean ridges: A progress report     

B. J. Collette  J. A. Schouten 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1970,1(1):46-60

First conclusions of a study of the fault pattern in the North Atlantic ocean are briefly outlined. Correlation of fracture zones in deep ocean basins, even over short distances (30 miles) is difficult when using only topographic and seismic profiler data, and requires the additional criterion that the magnetic pattern is shifted along the fracture zones. This implies that each track must be paralleled by at least one more track at close distance to detect breaks in the magnetic pattern.Transform faults are regarded as complementary to the median rift, which, as a tension fault, should be normal to the direction of maximum strain according to laboratory experiments by Gramberg. Median rift segments and transform faults together form an orthogonal system approximating an originally irregular but continuous fissure.Mantle convection currents are thought to be the agents of continental drift. In view of the dimensions of convection cells, a direct coupling between ridges (or ridge segments) and the upwelling branch of a convection current seems impossible. Thus the known bifurcations of mid-ocean ridges in the Indian and in the Pacific Ocean may be interpreted as the result of a divergence of the horizontal branch of a convection cell or a divergence of the movements of crustal plates through collision of continents. Secondary fissures would lead to the development of secondary ridges that cannot be distinguished from primary ridges. In this concept mid-ocean ridges can partake in the horizontal movement by asymmetrical spreading. This might explain the disappearance of the East Pacific Rise under the North American continent.The resulting convection current system is simple: one upwelling and one downgoing current as two complementary helices winding round the earth. Ways are indicated to check several aspects of the proposed hypotheses.  相似文献   

The decline of the herring stocks and the gadoid outburst   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

Cushing  D. H. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1980,39(1):70-81

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Further observations on the effects of preservation in 4% neutral formalin on the length and weight of 0-group flatfish     

Lockwood  Stephen J.; Daly  C. de B. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1975,36(2):170-175

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Plate boundaries and evolution of the Solomon Sea region     

E. Honza  H. L. Davies  J. B. Keene  D. L. Tiffin 《Geo-Marine Letters》1987,7(3):161-168

The Solomon Sea Plate was widely developed during late Oligocene, separating the proto-West Melanesian Arc from the proto-Trobriand Arc. Spreading in the Bismarck Sea and in the Woodlark Basin resulted from interaction between the Pacific and Australian Plates, specifically from the collision of the proto-West Melanesian Arc with north New Guinea, which occurred after arc reversal. This model explains the extensive Miocene, Pliocene, and Quaternary volcanism of the Papua New Guinea mainland as it related to southward subduction of the Trobriand Trough. Our interpreted plate motions are concordant with the geological evidence onshore and also with complex tectonic features in the Solomon Sea Basin Region.  相似文献