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141.
Earthquake prediction: a new physical basis 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
Summary. Subcritical crack growth in the laboratory occurs slowly but progressively in solids subjected to low stresses at low strain rates. The cracks tend to grow parallel to the maximum compressive stress so that, when this stress is aligned over a large enough region, the cracks will also be aligned and possess effective seismic anisotropy. It is suggested that such subcritical crack growth produces extensive-dilatancy anisotropy (EDA) throughout earth-quake preparation zones. This process is a possible driving mechanism for earthquake precursors observed at substantial distances from impending focal zones, and provides, in the shear-wave splitting which has been observed in several seismic regions, a possible technique for monitoring the build-up of stress before earthquakes. 相似文献
142.
Daqing Yang Barry E. Goodison John R. Metcalfe Valentin S. Golubev Esko Elomaa Thilo Gunther Roy Bates Timothy Pangburn Clayton L. Hanson Douglas Emerson Voilete Copaciu Janja Milkovic 《水文研究》1995,9(8):877-895
The Tretyakov non-recording precipitation gauge has been used historically as the official precipitation measurement instrument in the Russian (formerly the USSR) climatic and hydrological station network and in a number of other European countries. From 1986 to 1993, the accuracy and performance of this gauge were evaluated during the WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison at 11 stations in Canada, the USA, Russia, Germany, Finland, Romania and Croatia. The double fence intercomparison reference (DFIR) was the reference standard used at all the Intercomparison stations in the Intercomparison. The Intercomparison data collected at the different sites are compatible with respect to the catch ratio (measured/DFIR) for the same gauge, when compared using mean wind speed at the height of the gauge orifice during the observation period. The Intercomparison data for the Tretyakov gauge were compiled from measurements made at these WMO intercomparison sites. These data represent a variety of climates, terrains and exposures. The effects of environmental factors, such as wind speed, wind direction, type of precipitation and temperature, on gauge catch ratios were investigated. Wind speed was found to be the most important factor determining the gauge catch and air temperature had a secondary effect when precipitation was classified into snow, mixed and rain. The results of the analysis of gauge catch ratio versus wind speed and temperature on a daily time step are presented for various types of precipitation. Independent checks of the correction equations against the DFIR have been conducted at those Intercomparison stations and a good agreement (difference less than 10%) has been obtained. The use of such adjustment procedures should significantly improve the accuracy and homogeneity of gauge-measured precipitation data over large regions of the former USSR and central Europe. 相似文献
143.
Power spectra of the 1979 solar differential observations (Bos, 1982) have been analyzed for evidence of intermediate-degreef-modes. A set of 19 intermediate-degreef-mode multiplets has been identified and classified based on more than 300 classified modes of oscillation. The angular degree of the multiplets ranges from 18 to 36. Them=0 eigenfrequency spectrum, measured with an accuracy of typically 0.01–0.02 Hz, was found to be on the average 10 Hz greater than that predicted by the standard solar model of Saio (1982). Rotational splitting effects up to fifth order inm were obtained. The multiplet fine structure that is linear inm was found to be consistent with the internal rotation curve obtained by Hillet al. (1986a). The multiplet fine structure that is described by terms that are cubic and fifth order inm were found to be consistent with the differential rotation curve of Hillet al. (1986b). The probability that this set of 19 Zeeman-like frequency patterns were obtained from a set of peaks randomly distributed in frequency was estimated to be 10–9. The effectiveness of the mode detection and classification program in this work has been established in part by observing the horizontal spatial properties of thef-mode eigenfunctions. One consequence obtained from the study of the horizontal spatial properties of the modes is the estimate, obtained observationally, of the number of correct mode identifications: these results indicate that 73±6% of the 374 modes are correctly classified.SCLERA is an acronym for Santa Catalina Laboratory for Experimental Relativity by Astrometry, a facility operated by the University of Arizona. 相似文献
144.
Bruce B. Hicks William R. Pendergrass Barry D. Baker Rick D. Saylor Debra L. O’Dell Neal S. Eash Jeffrey T. McQueen 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2018,167(2):285-301
The assumption that the roughness Reynolds number \(( Re_{*})\) can be used as a basis for quantifying the boundary-layer property \({ kB}^{-1} (= \ln (z_{0}/z_{0T}))\) as in some modern numerical models is questioned. While \({ Re}_{*}\) is a useful property in studies of pipe flow, it appears to have only marginal applicability in the case of treeless terrain, as studied in the two experimental situations presented here. For both the daytime and night-time cases there appears to be little correlation between \({ kB}^{-1}\) and \({ Re}_{*}\). For daytime, the present studies indicate that the assumption \({ kB}^{-1} \approx 2\) is acceptable, while for night-time, the scatter involved in relating \({ kB}^{-1}\) to \({ Re}_{*}\) suggests there is little reason to assume a direct relationship. However, while the scatter affecting all of the night-time results is large, there remains a significant correlation between the heat and momentum fluxes upon which an alternative methodology for describing bulk air–surface exchange at night could be constructed. The friction coefficient (\(C_{f}\)) and the turbulent Stanton number \(({ St}_{*})\) are discussed as possible alternatives for describing bulk properties of the air layer adjacent to the surface. While describing the surface roughness in terms of the friction coefficient provides an attractive simplification relative to the conventional methodologies based on roughness length and stability considerations, use of the Stanton number shares many of uncertainties that affect \({ kB}^{-1}\). The transitions at dawn and dusk remain demanding situations to address. 相似文献
145.
Christopher J. Eastoe Barry J. Hibbs Alfredo Granados Olivas James F. Hogan John Hawley William R. Hutchison 《Hydrogeology Journal》2008,16(4):737-747
Stable isotope data for the Hueco Bolson aquifer (Texas, USA and Chihuahua, Mexico) distinguish four water types. Two types relate to recharge from the Rio Grande: pre-dam (pre-1916) river water with oxygen-18 and deuterium (δ18O, δD, ‰) from (?11.9, ?90) to (?10.1, ?82), contrasts with present-day river water (?8.5, ?74) to (?5.3, ?56). Pre-dam water is found beneath the Rio Grande floodplain and Ciudad Juárez, and is mixed with post-dam river water beneath the floodplain. Two other types relate to recharge of local precipitation; evidence of temporal change of precipitation isotopes is present in both types. Recharge from the Franklin and Organ Mountains plots between (?10.9, ?76) and (?8.5, ?60) on the global meteoric water line (GMWL), and is found along the western side of the Hueco Bolson, north of the Rio Grande. Recharge from the Diablo Plateau plots on an evaporation trend originating on the GMWL near (?8.5, ?58). This water is found in the southeastern Hueco Bolson, north of the river; evaporation may be related to slow recharge through fine-grained sediment. Pre-dam water, recognizable by isotope composition, provides information on groundwater residence times in this and other dammed river basins. 相似文献
146.
Barry R. Bickmore Justin C. Wheeler Kathryn L. Nagy 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(18):4521-4536
In light of recent work on the reactivity of specific sites on large (hydr)oxo-molecules and the evolution of surface topography during dissolution, we examined the ability to extract molecular-scale reaction pathways from macroscopic dissolution and surface charge measurements of powdered minerals using an approach that involved regression of multiple datasets and statistical graphical analysis of model fits. The test case (far-from-equilibrium quartz dissolution from 25 to 300 °C, pH 1-12, in solutions with [Na+] ? 0.5 M) avoids the objections to this goal raised in these recent studies. The strategy was used to assess several mechanistic rate laws, and was more powerful in distinguishing between models than the statistical approaches employed previously. The best-fit model included three mechanisms—two involving hydrolysis of Si centers by H2O next to neutral (>Si-OH0) and deprotonated (>Si-O−) silanol groups, and one involving hydrolysis of Si centers by OH−. The model rate law is
147.
Careful site characterization is critical for successful geologic storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) because of the many physical and chemical processes impacting CO2 movement and containment under field conditions. Traditional site characterization techniques such as geological mapping,
geophysical imaging, well logging, core analyses, and hydraulic well testing provide the basis for judging whether or not
a site is suitable for CO2 storage. However, only through the injection and monitoring of CO2 itself can the coupling between buoyancy flow, geologic heterogeneity, and history-dependent multi-phase flow effects be
observed and quantified. CO2 injection and monitoring can therefore provide a valuable addition to the site-characterization process. Additionally, careful
monitoring and verification of CO2 plume development during the early stages of commercial operation should be performed to assess storage potential and demonstrate
permanence. The Frio brine pilot, a research project located in Dayton, Texas (USA) is used as a case study to illustrate
the concept of an iterative sequence in which traditional site characterization is used to prepare for CO2 injection and then CO2 injection itself is used to further site-characterization efforts, constrain geologic storage potential, and validate understanding
of geochemical and hydrological processes. At the Frio brine pilot, in addition to traditional site-characterization techniques,
CO2 movement in the subsurface is monitored by sampling fluid at an observation well, running CO2-saturation-sensitive well logs periodically in both injection and observation wells, imaging with crosswell seismic in the
plane between the injection and observation wells, and obtaining vertical seismic profiles to monitor the CO2 plume as it migrates beyond the immediate vicinity of the wells. Numerical modeling plays a central role in integrating geological,
geophysical, and hydrological field observations. 相似文献
148.
Petrogenesis of Volcanic Rocks from Saipan and Rota, Mariana Islands, and Implications for the Evolution of Nascent Island Arcs 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Reagan Mark K.; Hanan Barry B.; Heizler Matthew T.; Hartman Brian S.; Hickey-Vargas Rosemary 《Journal of Petrology》2008,49(3):441-464
An 40Ar/39Ar age of 45·1 Ma determined for lavas fromnorthern Saipan confirms that these high-silica rhyolites eruptedduring the ‘proto-arc’ stage of volcanism in theIzu–Bonin–Mariana system, which is characterizedelsewhere by eruption of boninitic lavas. Incompatible traceelement concentrations and Sr, Hf, Nd, and Pb isotope ratiosfor these rhyolites are transitional between those of c. 48Ma boninitic lavas and post-38 Ma ‘first-arc’ andesitesand dacites from Saipan and Rota that have typical subduction-relatedcompositions. These transitional compositions are modeled bycrystal fractionation of parental tholeiitic basalt combinedwith assimilation of young boninitic crust. A second stage ofRayleigh fractionation in the upper crust is required by SiO2concentrations that exceed 77 wt % and near-zero compatibleelement concentrations. First-arc magma compositions are consistentwith fractionation of basalt and assimilation of crust similarin composition to the first-arc magmas themselves. The mantlesources of the proto-arc and first-arc lavas from Saipan andRota are similar to those of Philippine back-arc basin basaltsbased on Nd and Hf isotopic compositions. The Pb isotope compositionsof these lavas are between those of Pacific sea-floor basaltsand Jurassic and younger cherty and clay-rich sediments. Thiscontrasts with the boninitic proto-arc volcanic rocks from Guamand Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 458 and 459 that have Pbisotope compositions similar to Pacific basin basalts and volcaniclasticsediments. The preferred explanation for the difference in thenature of proto-arc volcanism between Saipan and other fore-arclocations is that the crust ceased extending 3–4 Myr earlierbeneath Saipan. This was caused by a change from mantle upwelling,fore-arc extension, and shallow melting to an environment dominatedby more normal mantle wedge convection, stable crust, and deepermelting. KEY WORDS: rhyolite; andesite; Mariana arc; isotope ratios; trace elements 相似文献
149.
This paper explores the implications of changes in climatic averages and a range in precipitation levels on food production opportunities at the farm, regional and provincial levels for the province of Ontario. A doubling in atmospheric CO2 or its equivalent would contribute to extended frost-free seasons throughout Ontario, and possibly increase year-to-year variability in precipitation. At the farm level, these changes imply greater fluctuations in annual farm profits. The benefits of longer frost-free seasons would be impaired during years with relatively low precipitation, and under these conditions, the security of the province's food supply would be at risk.LRRC Contribution No. 90-06. 相似文献
150.
The origin of ocean island basalt end-member compositions: trace element and isotopic constraints 总被引：33，自引：0，他引：33
Barry L. Weaver 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1991,104(2-4)
Ocean island basalt (OIB) suites display a wide diversity of major element, trace element, and isotopic compositions. The incompatible trace element and isotopic ratios of OIB reflect considerable heterogeneity in the mantle source regions. In addition to the distinctive Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic signatures of the HIMU, EMI and EMII OIB end-members, differences in incompatible trace element ratios among these end-members are of great help in identifying the nature and origin of their sources. Examination of trace element and isotopic constraints for the three OIB end-members suggests a relatively simple model for their origin. The dominant component in all OIB is ancient recycled basaltic oceanic crust which has been processed through a subduction zone, and which carries the trace element and isotopic signature of a dehydration residue (enrichment in HFSE relative to LILE and LREE, low Rb/Sr, but high U/Pb and Th/Pb ratios leading to the development of radiogenic Pb isotope compositions). HIMU OIB are derived from such a source, with little contamination from other components. Both the EMI and EMII OIB end-members are also dominantly derived from this source, but they contain significant proportions (up to 5–10%) of sedimentary components derived from the continental crust. In the case of EMI OIB, ancient pelagic sediment with high LILE/HFSE, LREE/HFSE, Ba/Th and Ba/La ratios, and low U/Pb ratios, is the contaminant. EMII OIB are also contaminated by a sedimentary component, in the form of ancient terrigenous sediment with high LILE/HFSE and LREE/HFSE ratios, but lacking relative Ba enrichment, and with higher U/Pb and Rb/Sr ratios. A model whereby the source for all OIB is ancient (1–2 Ga old) subducted oceanic crust ± entrained sediment (pelagic and/or terrigenous) is therefore consistent with the trace element and isotopic data. Although subducted oceanic lithosphere will accumulate and be dominantly concentrated within the mesosphere boundary layer, forming the source for hot-spots, such material may also become convectively dispersed within the depleted upper mantle as blobs or streaks, giving rise to small-scale chemical heterogeneities in the upper mantle. 相似文献