The Imaging Magnetograph eXperiment (IMaX) for?the?Sunrise Balloon-Borne Solar Observatory   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

V. Mart��nez?Pillet  J. C. del Toro Iniesta  A. ��lvarez-Herrero  V. Domingo  J. A. Bonet  L. Gonz��lez?Fern��ndez  A. L��pez?Jim��nez  C. Pastor  J. L. Gasent?Blesa  P. Mellado  J. Piqueras  B. Aparicio  M. Balaguer  E. Ballesteros  T. Belenguer  L. R. Bellot?Rubio  T. Berkefeld  M. Collados  W. Deutsch  A. Feller  F. Girela  B. Grauf  R. L. Heredero  M. Herranz  J. M. Jer��nimo  H. Laguna  R. Meller  M. Men��ndez  R. Morales  D. Orozco?Su��rez  G. Ramos  M. Reina  J. L. Ramos  P. Rodr��guez  A. S��nchez  N. Uribe-Patarroyo  P. Barthol  A. Gandorfer  M. Knoelker  W. Schmidt  S. K. Solanki  S. Vargas?Dom��nguez 《Solar physics》2011,268(1):57-102

The Imaging Magnetograph eXperiment (IMaX) is a spectropolarimeter built by four institutions in Spain that flew on board the Sunrise balloon-borne solar observatory in June 2009 for almost six days over the Arctic Circle. As a polarimeter, IMaX uses fast polarization modulation (based on the use of two liquid crystal retarders), real-time image accumulation, and dual-beam polarimetry to reach polarization sensitivities of 0.1%. As a spectrograph, the instrument uses a LiNbO₃ etalon in double pass and a narrow band pre-filter to achieve a spectral resolution of 85 mÅ. IMaX uses the high-Zeeman-sensitive line of Fe i at 5250.2 Å and observes all four Stokes parameters at various points inside the spectral line. This allows vector magnetograms, Dopplergrams, and intensity frames to be produced that, after reconstruction, reach spatial resolutions in the 0.15??C?0.18 arcsec range over a 50×50 arcsec field of view. Time cadences vary between 10 and 33 s, although the shortest one only includes longitudinal polarimetry. The spectral line is sampled in various ways depending on the applied observing mode, from just two points inside the line to 11 of them. All observing modes include one extra wavelength point in the nearby continuum. Gauss equivalent sensitivities are 4 G for longitudinal fields and 80 G for transverse fields per wavelength sample. The line-of-sight velocities are estimated with statistical errors of the order of 5??C?40 m?s^?1. The design, calibration, and integration phases of the instrument, together with the implemented data reduction scheme, are described in some detail.  相似文献   

Operating Parameters Affecting the Formation of Kaolin Aerated Flocs in Water and Wastewater Treatment          下载免费PDF全文

Cristiane Oliveira  Rafael Teixeira Rodrigues  Jorge Rubio 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2014,42(7):909-916

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Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) in South Brazil: Comparative active processes and water reuse     

Aline Nogueira da Silveira  Renato Silva  Jorge Rubio   《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2009,93(2):103-109

This work describes AMD techniques of neutralization, with lime, flocculation of the precipitates and comparative flocs/liquid separation by flotation with microbubbles or by lamellar settling (LS). The AMD treated water was characterized by its quality for recycling in terms of inorganic or organic elements, suspended or dissolved solids, among others. Two types of flocs were formed, “aerated” or not, in a special flocculation reactor, patented by this research group (RGF^®). Aerated flocs formed (within seconds) entered into contact with microbubbles under high shearing and raised-up at rates > 120 mh^− 1 allowing a rapid solid–liquid separation by flotation (HR-high rate), at about 13–15 m³m^− 2 h^− 1 loading capacity. Conversely, the non-aerated flocs settled at about 5–6 m h^− 1 in a lamella settler. Both AMD treatment techniques showed similar efficiencies (removal of ions > 90%) but the separation by lamella settling presented advantages, namely less reagents (no flotation collector required), lower power requirements and easier to operate. The operating costs (approximate values) of the AMD treatment by LS at pH 9 reaches about 0.3 US$ m^− 3 against 0.6 US$ m^− 3 for the HR-flotation process. Results found were proved to be similar to those found in recent ADM treatment installations in South Brazil. The quality of the treated water is fairly good, nearly free of heavy metals ion, low BOD (biological oxygen demand) and TOC (total organic content), low solids content and may be readily reused for irrigation, industrial processes and as wash water (among others, streets, vehicles, dust control). However, there is a need to extend the use of this treated water resource, but this, at least in Brazil, has not been legislated properly. It is concluded that this research will contribute in the discussion of this old and complex problem in acid mining effluents worldwide.  相似文献   

Probabilistic relationships between wind and surface water circulation patterns in the SE Bay of Biscay     

Lohitzune Solabarrieta  Anna Rubio  Mar Cárdenas  Sonia Castanedo  Ganix Esnaola  Fernando J. Méndez  Raúl Medina  Luis Ferrer 《Ocean Dynamics》2015,65(9-10):1289-1303

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A rootless suture and the loss of the roots of a mountain chain: The Variscan belt of NW Iberia     

José R. Martínez Catalán  Ricardo Arenas  Jacobo Abati  Sonia Sánchez Martínez  Florentino Díaz García  Javier Fernández Suárez  Pablo González Cuadra  Pedro Castiñeiras  Juan Gómez Barreiro  Alejandro Díez Montes  Emilio González Clavijo  Francisco J. Rubio Pascual  Pilar Andonaegui  Teresa E. Jeffries  James E. Alcock  Rubén Díez Fernández  Alicia López Carmona 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2009,341(2-3):114-126

Ophiolites of different Paleozoic ages occur in North-West (NW) Iberia in a rootless suture representing the remnants of the Rheic Ocean. Associated allochthonous terranes in the hanging- and foot-walls of the suture derive from the former margins, whereas the relative autochthon corresponds to the Paleozoic passive margin of northern Gondwana. The Paleozoic tectonic evolution of this part of the circum-Atlantic region is deduced from the stratigraphical, petrological, structural and metamorphic evolution of the different units and their ages. The tectonic reconstruction covers from Cambro-Ordovician continental rifting and the opening of the Rheic Ocean to its Middle to Upper Devonian closure. Then, the Variscan Laurussia–Gondwana convergence and collision is briefly described, from its onset to the late stages of collapse associated with the demise of the orogenic roots.  相似文献   

Mound development as an interaction of individual plants with soil,water erosion and sedimentation processes on slopes     

E. Bochet  J. Poesen  J. L. Rubio 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2000,25(8):847-867

In the Mediterranean region, semi‐natural shrubland communities (named ‘matorral’) often present a discontinuous cover, where isolated perennial plants alternate with bare inter‐plant areas. In such ecosystems, the patchy distribution of the vegetation is usually associated with microtopographic sequences of mounds that develop under isolated plants and break the overall slope continuity. In this study, the influence of three representative species of the Mediterranean matorral (Rosmarinus officinalis, Stipa tenacissima and Anthyllis cytisoides) on slope microtopography is determined and the processes that take part in the development of microtopographic structures beneath the plant canopy are identified. The influence of slope gradient, plant species and plant parameters on the shape and height of microtopographic structures is also studied. The shape of the microtopographic structures is described by using a two‐dimensional microprofilemeter and mound height is determined by measuring in the field a ‘mound height index’ defined as the distance from the top to the bottom of the mound. The results obtained show that plant species play a major role in the shape and height of the microtopographic structures. Whereas terrace‐type structures generally develop under Anthyllis shrubs, microtopographic forms associated with Rosmarinus and Stipa plants vary with slope gradient. The almost symmetric mound‐type structures that develop under these two species on gentle slopes change into terrace‐type structures as slope gradient increases. Moreover, statistically significant differences exist between the three species with regard to mound height. Mean values of mound height are 19·4, 14·6 and 4·3 cm under the canopy of Stipa, Rosmarinus and Anthyllis respectively. Plant parameters, essentially roughness, and slope gradient have a significant influence on mound height index. Four main processes were identified as affecting mound development in the studied field site: sedimentation, differential interrill erosion, differential splash erosion and bioturbation. Plant species interact in different ways with these processes according to their morphologies. Since Stipa and Rosmarinus plants are more efficient than Anthyllis shrubs in controlling water erosion, in retaining sediments and in modifying soil properties under their respective canopies, they give rise to higher microtopographic structures that facilitate water and nutrient storage by plants on slopes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd  相似文献   

Processes in the Pacific La Niña onset triggered by the Atlantic Niño     

Irene Polo  Marta Martin-Rey  Belen Rodriguez-Fonseca  Fred Kucharski  Carlos Roberto Mechoso 《Climate Dynamics》2015,44(1-2):115-131

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Effects of fire and vegetation cover on hydrological characteristics of a Mediterranean shrubland soil     

O. Gonzlez‐Pelayo  V. Andreu  E. Gimeno‐García  J. Campo  J. L. Rubio 《水文研究》2010,24(11):1504-1513

An experimental study based on the effects of fire on soil hydrology was developed at the Experimental Station of ‘La Concordia’ (Valencia, Spain). It is located on a calcareous hillside facing SSE and composed of nine erosion plots (4 × 20 m). In summer 2003, after eight years of soil and vegetation recovery from previous fires in 1995 (with three fire treatments: T1 high‐intensity fire, T2 moderate intensity, and T3 not burnt), experimental fires of low intensity were again conducted on the plots already burnt, to study the effects of repeated fires on the soil water infiltration, soil water content and runoff. Infiltration rates and capacities were measured by the mini‐disk infiltrometer method (MDI), assessing the effects of vegetation cover by comparing the under‐canopy microenvironment (UC) and its absence on bare soil (BS), immediately before and after the fire experiments. Soil properties like water retention capacity (SWRC) and water content (SWC) were also determined for the different fire treatments (T1, T2 and T3) and microsites (UC and BS). Hydrological parameters, such as runoff and infiltration rate, were monitored at plot scale from July 2002 to July 2004. In the post‐fire period, data displayed a 20% runoff increase and a decrease in infiltration (18%). Differences in the steady‐state infiltration rate (SSI) and infiltration capacity (IC) were tested with the MDI on the different treatments (T1, T2 and T3), and between the UC and BS microsites of each treatment. After fire, the SSI of the UC soil declined from 16 mm h⁻¹ to 12 mm h⁻¹ on T1, and from 24 mm h⁻¹ to 19 mm h⁻¹ on T2. The IC was reduced by 2/3 in the T1 UC soil, and by half on T2 UC soil. On the BS of T1 and T2, the fire effect was minimal, and higher infiltration rates and capacities were reached. Therefore, the presence/absence of vegetation when burnt influenced the post‐burnt infiltration patterns at soil microscale. On the T3, different rates and capacities were obtained depending on the microsites (UC and BS), with higher SSI (25 mm h⁻¹) and IC (226 mm h⁻¹) on BS than on UC (SSI of 18 mm h⁻¹ and IC of 136 mm h⁻¹). The SWRC and SWC were recovered from 1995 to 2003 (prior to the fires). The 2003 fire promoted high variability on the SWC at pF 0·1, 2 and 2·5, and the SWRC on burnt soils were reduced. To summarize, the IC and SSI post‐fire decreases were related to the lower infiltration rate at plot scale, the significant differences in the SWRC between burnt and control treatments, and the increase in the runoff yield (20%). According to the results, the MDI was a useful tool to characterize the soil infiltration on the vegetation patches of the Mediterranean maquia, and contrary to other studies, on the UC soil, the infiltration rate and IC, when soil was dry, were lower than that obtained on BS. Once the soil gets wet, similar values were found on both microenvironments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Isotopic composition (δ18O and δD) of precipitation and groundwater in a semi‐arid,mountainous area (Guadiana Menor basin,Southeast Spain)     

F. Fernndez‐Chacn  J. Benavente  J. C. Rubio‐Campos  C. Kohfahl  J. Jimnez  H. Meyer  H. Hubberten  A. Pekdeger 《水文研究》2010,24(10):1343-1356

We characterize the precipitation and groundwater in a mountainous (peaks slightly above 3000 m a.s.l.), semi‐arid river basin in SE Spain in terms of the isotopes ¹⁸O and ²H. This basin, with an extension of about 7000 km², is an ideal site for such a study because fronts from the Atlantic and the Mediterranean converge here. Much of the land is farmed and irrigated both by groundwater and runoff water collected in reservoirs. A total of approximately 100 water samples from precipitation and 300 from groundwater have been analysed. To sample precipitation we set up a network of 39 stations at different altitudes (800–1700 m a.s.l.), with which we were able to collect the rain and snowfall from 29 separate events between July 2005 and April 2007 and take monthly samples during the periods of maximum recharge of the aquifers. To characterize the groundwater we set up a control network of 43 points (23 springs and 20 wells) to sample every 3 months the main aquifers and both the thermal and non‐thermal groundwater. We also sampled two shallow‐water sites (a reservoir and a river). The isotope composition of the precipitation forms a local meteoric water line (LMWL) characterized by the equation δD = 7·72δ¹⁸O + 9·90, with mean values for δ¹⁸O and δD of − 10·28‰ and − 69·33‰, respectively, and 12·9‰ for the d‐excess value. To correlate the isotope composition of the rainfall water with groundwater we calculated the weighted local meteoric water line (WLMWL), characterized by the equation δD = 7·40δ¹⁸O + 7·24, which takes into account the quantity of water precipitated during each event. These values of (dδD/dδ¹⁸O)< 8 and d‐excess (δD–8δ¹⁸O)< 10 in each curve bear witness to the ‘amount effect’, an effect which is more manifest between May and September, when the ground temperature is higher. Other effects noted in the basin were those of altitude and the continental influence. The isotopic compositions of the groundwater are represented by the equation δD = 4·79δ¹⁸O − 18·64. The groundwater is richer in heavy isotopes than the rainfall, with mean values of − 8·48‰ for δ¹⁸O and − 59·27‰ for δD. The isotope enrichment processes detected include a higher rate of evaporation from detrital aquifers than from carbonate ones, the effects of recharging aquifers from irrigation return flow and/or from reservoirs' leakage and enrichment in δ¹⁸O from thermal water. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Characterization of a karstic aquifer using magnetic resonance sounding and electrical resistivity tomography: a case-study of Esta?a Lakes (northern Spain)     

Cristina Pérez-Bielsa  Luis J. Lambán  Juan L. Plata  Félix M. Rubio  Ruth Soto 《Hydrogeology Journal》2012,20(6):1045-1059

The geophysical characterization of a previously unstudied endorheic karstic system is presented. The studied area, known as the Esta?a Lakes, is located in the Pyrenean Marginal Sierras, northern Spain. The Esta?a Lakes are a set of natural water ponds on a bedrock of Triassic evaporites, lutites and carbonates. This wetland is included in the Natura 2000 European network of nature protection areas as a “Site of Community Importance”. Two geophysical techniques were used, magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), to map the subsurface geology and characterize the aquifer layers and the hydraulic links between the aquifers and lakes. The geophysical data were integrated with the surface geology and data from six boreholes. Ten electrical profiles were performed to identify the thickness of the units and lithological changes, whereas the MRS was used to determine the top of the saturated zone. As result, the aquifer in the Esta?a Lakes system and surrounding area has been identified as Middle Triassic carbonates, which does not correspond with the regional aquifer in the area (Upper Cretaceous and Eocene). This work shows the power of geophysical methods in poorly understood and tectonically complex areas in addition to the standard aquifer tests to evaluate hydraulic properties.  相似文献